BSBLED401A SECTION 3 Answer - 867 Words

SECTION 3: MONITOR AND EVALUATE WORKPLACE LEARNING Top of Form Activity 10 1. The operations manager for Weiss Enterprises is planning to send all employees across the nine different stores to a two day course on customer service. The aim is to develop a customer centric culture across the organisation as well as provide instruction on exactly how to interact successfully with customers. How can the operations manager ensure that they gather feedback to measure the effectiveness of the training at all four of Kirkpatrick’s levels to improve future learning programs? Propose some tools and techniques that could be used. Upload your answer for assessment. Optimum file size should be less than 7MB 2. Comment on the retrospect methodology of†¦show more content†¦You would need to discuss with the staff member their own goals and how they relate to the organizational goals. You would need to address this course and how they believe it can directly contribute to their personal goals and the organizational goals. Possibly a compromise could be reached where if the course is irrelevant then the time allocated for the course could be

Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 534 Words

I think its important for us as a society to remember that the youth within juvenile justice systems are, most of the time, youths who simply havent had the right mentors and supporters around them - because of circumstances beyond their control. -- Qorianka Kilcher -- Websters New Collegiate Dictionary (1980) defines adolescence as the state or process of growing up; even more specifically, adolescence is also defined as the period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority. Looking back on their adolescence, adults often conjure up grand memories, and laugh at their mistakes. Adolescence is a period in life that everyone must survive in order to become an adult, although some go†¦show more content†¦Juvenile Delinquency is defined by Websters as a status in a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and therefore subject to legal action as well as a violation of the law committed by a juvenile and not punishable by death or life imprisonment. In short, juvenile delinquency involves any criminal behavior committed by a minor. There is no question that there has been an increase in delinquent behavior since the days of our parents adolescence. Activities such as rolling neighbors houses, egging mailboxes/windows, or graffiti on park benches has been replaced by more serious activities such as spray painting buildings, breaking and entering, or even early drug use. Todays juveniles do not seem to fear, or even respect authority as previous generations have. Lack of discipline in the home and a much more tolerant society is not help to a steadily increasing juvenile delinquency rate. An unstable home environment can draw teenagers to join gangs or engage in premarital sex, to name just a couple of acting out behaviors. Children need to be taught at an early age not only the difference between right and wrong, but also the positive results attained from practicing respect and moral values. If parental guidance fails, or if an adolescent veers too far off the path, then usually outside forces will step in to the situation. Parens Patriae is literally defined asShow MoreRelated Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI couldnt begin to cover all the possible reasons that may cause an adolescent to become a juvenile delinquent. During my research, I found that the term juvenile delinquency is defined a number of ways. 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Iraqi Organizational Culture

Question: Write an essay on Organizational Culture In Iraqi Kurdustan? Answer: 1. Introduction The Iraqi Kurdistan also known as the Southern Kurdistan is the autonomous region of Iraq and it borders the Kurdish regions of Iran. The regional capital of Iraqi Kurdistan is Erbil and democratic government known as the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) governs the region. The mixture within the work culture of the private organizations in Kurdistan and the difference between the culture of government bodies and private organizations makes it inevitable to evaluate the present norms of organizational culture of Kurdistan. According to Toma organizational culture is the behavior that the employees exhibit for each other within the organization and the meaning that internal and external employees attach to those behaviors. Performance enhancement and overall growth of the organization depends upon the employee performance within the organization. Thus, there exists a co relation between performance growth and organizational culture. Sjoberg suggested that key to a good organization performance is the strong cultural base of the organization. Sparrow thus suggested that a strong and positive organizational culture can make an average individual perform brilliantly and motivate an underperformer to perform better. Thus, keeping in mind the political turmoil and the political problems of the residents of Iraq Kurdistan, it is essential that congenial organizational culture should be present in the new organizations of Iraq Kurdistan so that the country can become developed like UK and USA. The assignment here focuses primarily on the influence and types of organizational cultures that are present within different organizations irrespective of their countries. Finally, the assignment will highlight the present organizational culture of Iraqi Kurdistan with the help of relevant academic concepts. 2. Concept of organizational culture According to Khodr and Zirar organizational culture represents the combined values, principles and attitudes of the people within the organization. Ismail and Jaafar stated that an organization is made up of employees from different cultural, social and religious background. Therefore, these employees have their own rooted cultures and beliefs. Thus in order to avoid any congenial environment within the organization and to avoid conflict of interest it is necessary to maintain one common organizational culture. Further Cooper, Johnson and Holdsworth stated that at present organizational culture includes the types of leadership style followed within the organization, the type of communication language and symbols used between the employees, the work procedures and the work routines and the types of performance measurement techniques used by the leaders to measure the success of the employees and the organization (Kandogan) Recent research shows that companies with strong organizational culture and effective leadership styles generally tend to have better financial performance and effective growth. However, the cultural characteristics of the organization should align with the objectives and the services of the organization. For instance, a software development company or a social media company like Google Inc should not adopt bureaucratic organizational style and a government concern should not adopt adhocracy culture. In majority of the situations, it has been seen that the organizations adopt reengineering methods, changes in pricing strategies, recruitment and selection and downsizing methods in order to derive long-term gains, however Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur stated that only adoption of a suitable organizational culture would be able to solve the problems of the organizations. 3. Types of organizational culture In 1999, Cameron and Quinn developed an organizational culture framework known as the Competing Values Framework. This model was effectively used for analyzing the corporate culture. The framework has two major dimensions for evaluation of the organizational culture. These two dimensions are the horizontal dimension (In/Out) and vertical dimension (Stability / Flexibility). Sanni and Reilly stated that the horizontal dimension in this framework measures the level to which the organization focuses on internal and external focus. On the contrary, the vertical dimension measures the flexibility and the stability level within the organization. Depending on the two major dimensions the four major types of organizational cultures were identified namely the clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market. The following figure shows the ideal model of the Competing values Framework. Figure 1: Competing Values Framework (Source: Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis) The discussion over the different concepts of the model will help to understand the major types of organizational culture and the implications of these cultures over the performance levels of the organizations. 3.1 Cultural dimensions Horizontal: In/Out The horizontal dimension shows the degree to which a particular organization will focus internally or externally. The organization in the left side of the above diagram focuses on the internal activities within the organization and the organizations on the right side of the diagram focuses on the external parties like customers, suppliers and external stakeholders. This dimension focuses on the unity, integration and internal activities of the organization. Vertical: Stability/ Flexibility The vertical dimension focuses on decision-making ability of the organizations. Omer and Friis stated that the decisions within an organization could either be taken by only the upper level management of the company or depending on the changing business scenarios, the employees can also take some of the vital organizational decisions. Thus keeping the situations in mind, the vertical dimension shows two different levels of decision-making. The upper end of the diagram shows flexibility and discretion, which denotes that in the organizations in this dimension; the business decisions are taken by employees in majority of the situations in order to suit the changing needs. On the contrary the lower end of the diagram shows the stability and control which denotes that the organizations in this segment depends on the managers for their decisions. Four types of culture The four types of organizational culture depending on the two different dimensions are presented below: Clan This type of organizational culture is characterized by high degree of flexibility and discretion rather than relying completely on stability and control leadership style (Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur). The horizontal dimension of this type of organizational culture suggest that the these types of organizations are primarily focused on the internal activities rather than focusing on the external parties. Thus in these types of organizations free and flexible corporate culture is present. The employees are not bound by strict corporate rules rather they have the freedom to decide and design their functions. Sanni and Reilly stated that employees in these organizations are motivated by shared goals and shared visions. The organizational structures of these types of organizations are flat. There is a sense of unity among the people working in these organizations and they work together like a family. The employees of Clan organizational culture tend to be honest, motivated, and skillful and have the ability of making situational decisions that would suit to the changing needs of the business. The leadership style adopted in clan organizations are either parental leadership or situational leadership style. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur commented that the clan leaders are generally supportive in nature and guides the employees in every changing situation and takes the decisions of the employees as important for the business functions. However, Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis argued that in a clan organizational culture, the focus of the leaders and the employees are primarily on the internal well being of the employees and achievement of the shared goals within the organization. These types of organization do not focus on the well-being of the external parties like the customers and the suppliers and they do not have any fixed set of rules for dealing with the external parties. Omer and Friis commented that however, majority of the organization and the external parties like the customers prefers clan organizational culture because it is a friendly organizational culture. The clan leaders are generally sensitive to the customers and the stakeholders. Some of the Japanese firms were seen to adopt this culture after the completion of World war II. Adhocracy These types of organizational cultures are characterized by higher degree of freedom and flexibility. The business functions of these types of organizations involve creative and dynamic decisions making ability. Thus, the employees of these organizations are always ready to take risks, accept the changes readily, and implement the same in their business functions (Kummerow and Kirby). For instance, the organizations dealing in software development, consultancy services, entertainment industry and creative industry are the common organizations that undertake adhocracy as their organizational culture. However, in contrast to clan, adhocracy concentrates on external positioning of the organizations services along with the high degree of flexibility. The major mottos of these types of organizations are to create a unique strategy and unique vision and use their own creativity to stand out within the crowd. Thus, Khodr and Zirar stated that the employees in these organizations are highly committed to experimentation and innovation is constantly devising ways to improve their present skills. It is also seen that these organizations always provides sufficient training facilities to the employees so that their skills may be enhanced and they may develop their knowledge, become highly independent, and take their own decisions. Thus, it may be concluded that the organizations using this culture often becomes the market leader in the product or service in which the company is dealing. Hierarchy This is a traditional approach and traditional culture followed in majority of the organizations. The organizations using this culture generally perform duties under a strict chain of command. In the past years before the advent of the new organizational cultures, hierarchy was considered to be the major organizational culture and use of bureaucracy was prevalent within the organizations. Thus, McLeod stated that an organization adopting this culture generally focuses on respecting of the command chain and rules that are being set within the organization. The major characteristics of this organizational culture are formal and structured organizations that are governed by the rules of the senior level management of the organization. These organizations have high internal focus and believe in maintaining stability with the help of controlling activities. The employees in these organizations depend upon the leaders and the senior level managers in terms of any functions and decision-mak ing. McLeod stated that in governmental organizations and large US agencies this type of organizational culture can be seen. The employees in this organization can deliver projects timely because of the high degree of rules and command present within the organization. Sanni and Reilly commented that since the government organizations and the retail chains do not require any innovation of creative ideas within their business segment, hence this type of organizational culture is suitable for them. Adoption of this organizational culture ensures low cost, dependable product and service delivery and smooth scheduling of the work pressure. Kandogan further stated that hierarchy cultural organization have employees who give due respect to the positions and power within the organization. The leadership styles adopted by the hierarchical leaders are generally transactional leadership style. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur commented that the leaders in this corporate culture are generally co coord inators and organizers who keep close eye on the business situations. Market In this type of organizational culture, the management of the company focuses on control and stability however, the major focus of the management is over the external control polices. Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis stated that a market organization is the type of organization, which is focused on the internal and external transactions in terms of market. Thus the transactions, which are exchanges of values, flow smoothly between the internal and the external parties within the organization under the high degree of control and stability in decision- making. The organizations adopting the market culture are highly result-oriented. They establish a vision and a mission, which will enable the organization to reach the desired vision. Thus. The competitive and goal oriented nature of these organizations help them to succeed in the long run. For achievement of the desired visions and goal, the management of these organizations generally prefer high degree of control and stability within the inte rnal activities of the company. Lahafian the employees of these organizations have the same features like the hierarchical culture, however the employees are generally more focused on the goals and take the help of the leaders and the senior manager is reaching the desired levels. Thus, adoption of this culture helps in doing the things in a right manner. However, in this type of organizational culture, the manager will have to adopt the financial and non-financial motivational strategies and thus it may seem costly for the organization. Further Kummerow and Kirby stated that since the employees on these organizations are goal oriented hence if the goals and the targets are not defined properly and if there is a lack of cooperation among the employees then the achievement of the objectives is not possible. 3.2 Comparison between the four types of organizational cultures On comparing the four major organizational cultures, it has been seen that Clan and market culture types are highly similar to each other and adhocracy and hierarchy cultures shows high degree of differences within the organizational context. Sanni and Reilly highlights that clan cultures have high morale employees and the employees are satisfied with their positions and present state of business. On the contrary, adhocracy cultures are externally focused and hence the internal satisfaction levels of the employees remain unattended. In order to cater to the external needs the adhocracy culture believes in quick formation of teams and abandoned the team as soon as the goal has been achieved. Hence, internal bonding between the employees is absent. Hierarchy cultures have internal focus similar to that of the clan culture but also emphasizes over the centralized management control. Kandogan stated that the hierarchies give importance to the right way of doing things thus it stresses on the adoption of policies, procedures and rules. The major disadvantage of these organizations is there in ability of coping with the unique and changing business operations. The employees of these organizations are generally not given any training to make their own decisions or are not trained in management of changing or creative diverse situations, thus the employees can effectively respond to the regular business operations but cannot solve complex business problems. The following table summarizes the major features of the four types of organizational culture highlighting the major differences between the cultures. Points of differences Clan culture Adhocracy culture Hierarchy culture Market culture Nature of the culture Friendly Dynamic Formal and structured, procedure oriented Goal oriented Risks involved Medium degree of risks involved High degree of risks involved No risks involved High degree of risks involved functions Sensitive to customers and internal flexibility Unique and new products and services Dependable service delivery, smooth work schedule and low organizational costs Focus on goal achievement, increment of the market share and market penetration in terms of products and services. Leadership style Situational leadership, uniqueness within the employees, teamwork skills, consent of the employees valued Parental and situational leadership style, individual creativity and independent decision making ability, freedom of work, commitment to innovation and experimentation Bureaucratic leadership style, maintaining of stability, predictability and efficiency levels, Consistency and uniformity High motivation, good performances are highly valued, competitive in nature, winning motivation within the employees Examples of company adopting this culture Zappos Faceook McDonalds General Electrics Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur opined that leadership styles adopted within an organization also depends on the type of culture prevailing in the organization. Leaders can enhance their personal skills and success by acting appropriately with the changing culture of the organization. For instance, leaders in an adhocracy culture should encourage innovation, creativity and generation of new ideas. Thus in order to encourage these qualities the leaders in adhocracy culture needs to be visionary and highly future-oriented. The leaders of the clan culture should encourage continuous sense of improvements within the employees and not guide them effectively so that they can become independent and take their own situational decisions. Moreover, Omer and Friis commented that clan leaders should also possess effective team building skills since the major focus of the clan culture is on the development of the internal skills within the organization. The leaders in this culture thus encourages effec tive relationships between the employees mentor the employees so that they can develop congenial working environment(Lahafian). Jimenez and Kabachnik pointed out that the leaders in the hierarchical culture are generally good organizers and monitors. Here lies the major difference between adhocracy and hierarchy. The adhocracy leaders are mentors and the hierarchy leaders are monitors. In hierarchical monitor ship, a leader organize the situations of the business and provides directions to the employees on how to achieve the services. These leaders can effectively help the employees to understand the job requirements and the job roles. However, in case of change management occurring within these organizations, the leaders and the employees both become inefficient. Finally, the market leaders are the most highly trained and focused leaders among the four types of leaders. They help in maintaining control and stability by setting rules and train the employees to be independent if situation demands. These leaders are highly goal focused and designs the strategies and leadership styles depending upon the fulfillm ent of the goals. Phelps stated that the major aim of these organizations are to become better than their competitors and in order to do so they train, motivate, inspire, celebrate and place relentless emphasis on customer needs and employee satisfaction levels (Lahafian). 4. Background of organizational development in Iraqi Kurdistan After the fall of Saddam Hussein and the Baathist ruling regime in 2003, economic opportunities in Iraq began to flourish thereby attracting foreign investors and new business operations in Iraq. Pechey and Halligan stated that the Kurdish region of Iraq has been able to attract the highest amount of foreign investment due to its political stability and good infrastructure. Although the KRG formulates the legislations for the companies in Kurdish region, however the autonomy within the working regulations has helped in organizational development of the region. Currently Cooper, Johnson and Holdsworth stated that around 2000 foreign companies are working in the Kurdish region. The advent of the western organizations has given rise to large number of expatriates and foreign business people within the Southern areas of Kurdistan. Most of these expatriates and foreign client working for the organizations in Iraq are generally based in Dubai, visit Kurdistan, take accommodations in safe a nd secure company campuses for a week, and return to Dubai. Thus, the frequent visits of the foreign clients have given rise to a mixed organizational culture within Kurdistan. Apart from the private sector organizations, the various government-controlled organizations are also present in Kurdistan namely the Kurdistan Democratic party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Socialist party of Kurdistan and the Iraqi Communist Party. However, the organizational development in Iraq Kurdistan is hampered due to some of the common challenges like section of effective talent, huge amount of brain drain during the wars, lack of effective training and developmental facilities, low developed educational system, insufficient learning style and ineffective leadership strategies(Lahafian). 5. Current organizational culture of government organizations of Iraqi Kurdistan In 2013, World Bank ranked Iraq 165 out of 185 countries as per their ranking of organizational business culture suggesting that Iraq is a considerably easy country of doing business. In terms of corruption Iraq was ranked 169 out of 172 as per the Corruption Perception Index. Majority of the organizations in Kurdistan generally speaks Indo European language that is neither related to Arabic nor related to Turkish language. Thus, Khodr and Zirar suggested that the organizational development in Iraq faces certain types of difficulties. The employees from other nationalities are not able to understand the native language of Kurdistan. The societal culture of Kurdistan is essentially different from that of the developed countries. Kurdish people are minority in position hence their level of freedom and independe3nce are also limited. The society of Iraqi Kurdish develops a communal culture, which suggests that the person of the Kurdish region primarily takes interest in the community a ctivities. Jimenez and Kabachnik) hence suggested that any disagreements between the Kurdish people might give reason to exclusion of the individual from the Kurdish community (Malik). Majority of the organizations in Kurdistan are government organization. Apart from the Kurdish government other political parties are also present that regulates the services of the organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. The huge number of wars and the large amount of brain drain has resulted in lack of creative thinking options in Iraq. Denton-Borhaug opined that hierarchical organizational culture is seen within the private as well as the public sector organizations of Kurdistan. As per the Hofstedes cultural dimension rules, existence of high degree of power distance results in high level of hierarchical organizational culture in a particular country. In majority of the organizations, high degree of hierarchical culture can be seen. Especially in case of the political and the government organization in Kurdistan centralization is a popular chain of command. The junior level employee of the government organizations in Iraq perform according to the instructions of the senior level manage ment. The instructions of the senior level management are in turn influenced by the decisions and the rules of the ruling parties in the country (Haidari). Thus, the major characteristics of the government organization in Iraqi Kurdistan are high degree of employee loyalty, quick delivery of products and services and low level of training for the employees. Further, the organizations in Iraq are characterized by collectivist societies rather than individualistic society. According to Brewer and Venaik an individualistic society is the one where the person in supposed to look after their own family and themselves without any intervention in any other families. However, the communal culture of the Iraqi Kurdistan shows that they are not individualistic, rather they are highly collectivists and they focus on helping and co coordinating with each other in order to attain and solve problems. The employees in the organizations also exhibit collectivist culture. They help each other in fulfillment of their duties. Every employee in the organization takes responsibility of the fellow members. Grnnow stated that in collectivist societies offence on the part of an employee in the organization would lead to cause shame and loss of dignity of the senior level managers who are given the responsibility of guiding and training the employees. Further, the employer-employee relations are perceived in terms of moral terms. Hiring and promotional activities in the organizations takes place based on the seniority and experience of the employees and not based on the creativity of productivity of the employees (Lahafian). As per the Hofstedes cultural dimension score, the government organizations in Iraq have recorded the following scores Power distance: 95 Individualism: 30 Masculinity: 70 Uncertainty avoidance: 85 Long-term orientation: 25 Indulgence: 22 This scores shows that Kurdistan organizations recorded high degree of power distance, which arises from the presence of the hierarchical organizational culture. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur argued that the presence of the hierarchical culture suggests that the employees within the organization already know their positions in the company and are not expected to show productivity or make any free decisions with respect to any other product or service of the organization that is not related to the position of the employee. Draskovic however pointed that the low score on individualism is a positive indicator. This shows that the Kurdistan organizations show case high degree of collectivism which is opposite to individualism. High degree of collectivism suggests that the employees will get due support of their seniors and their peers while any job performance. However, the organizational heads will also treat any mistakes done by the employees very seriously because that will affect their r eputation. The masculinity score is high suggesting that the organizational structures are mainly composed of majority of the male employees. However, Bell added that it is not an uncommon feature in Iraqi society. The Kurdistan population is majorly consisted of Muslim either form Iraq or from different parts of Arab and Dubai. It is a common culture in Muslim societies to prohibit their female counterparts from seeking employment opportunities. Omer and Friis stated that the main characteristics of the masculinity organizations in Kurdistan are the hard working nature of the employees. Due to high degree of political turmoil in that country, the employees generally adopts highly decisive and assertive nature and give emphasis on equity, competition and performance in order to grow the organizations quickly and match the organizations of the developed countries like UK and USA. The level of uncertainty avoidance is high. Wang and Liu commented that uncertainty avoidance is the way that the society deals with the fact future in uncertain and it is difficult to know the future. This score is high in this case thus it suggests that the organizations of Kurdistan maintain rigid rule and regulations and are not in favor of creativity, change and innovation because the employees and the management of the organizations fear for uncertain conditions are relatively very high. Pechey and Halligan stated that high uncertainty avoidance makes the leaders and the managers within the organizations narrow minded and focused only on the rules and regulations of the organization. In these types of organizational culture, there is an emotional need for rules although if the rules are not sufficient still the employees feel the need for the rules. Innovation and creativity skills require time to thrive and flourish hence in these organizations, time is considered to be equivalent to money which suggests that the time cannot be wasted for engagements in innovation and creativity. Thus it may be noted that Iraqi Kurdistan may develop in terms of organizational development however there are no employee skills development and neither is there any high range of inventions within the country. Khodr and Zirar in this regard stated that the Iraqis relevantly use their own available resources to form their organizations and recruit their own native people in the positions irrespective of their skills and knowledge. This hinders t he growth process of the organizations in Kurdistan. However, Barwari argued that since hierarchical culture is present hence it becomes easier for the international organizations to trade with Iraq because they are assured of timely delivery of the product and services. The employees of Iraqi organizations with high uncertainty avoidance scores shows resistance to any kind of change management within the organizations and give high degree of importance to the job and financial security. The long-term orientation describes how every society has to deal with its past while dealing with the challenges of present and past. In case of Iraqi Kurdistan organizations and society the long-term orientation is low which suggests that the employees and the people of Kurdistan prefer to maintain past traditions, norms, and superstitions in order to sustain their organizational growth and culture. Thus, the organizations follow routine structures and high rules that will help them to act as per their religions and traditions without bringing in any change within the society and the culture of the people. However this is not a desirable condition for the growth of private sector organizations because, these situations will hinder any kind of innovation and will not give rise to any organizational development. Moreover, past traditions will not make the organizations competitive among the other international organizations. The organizations are thus not able to focus on long term s trategies rather their focus becomes short term (Umeda). Finally, the last phase of the Hofsteds model focuses on the level of indulgence. According to Wang and Liu socialization is the key to become successful human beings. Socialization with different people from different countries, cultures and languages will make the individuals in a society broad-minded and more knowledgeable. The level of indulgence defines the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses based on the way they are raised within the society. If the level of control is weak then the people of that society are termed to be indulgent and if the level of control is high then the people of that society is termed to be restraint. Iraqi Kurdistan organizations show low levels which denotes that the Iraqi society is one of the restraint society. Lahafian commented that employees of these kinds of organizations do not belief in formation of teams and groups. They prefer doing their work individually. The employees are also seen in restraining themselves fr om indulging in any socializing desires. They assume socializing to be a waste of time. In addition, Kummerow and Kirby previously stated that time is equivalent to money for the Kurdish people. Employees with these kinds of skills and actions generally restrict themselves in the fear that they may tend to break any traditions. Thus, there is a lack of teamwork, congenial working environment and peer reviews in the Kurdish organizations (Pechey and Halligan). Thus from the assessment of the present organizational culture of Kurdish organizations, it can be effectively stated that Iraqi organizations lack innovativeness and creativity within their work culture which is the major reason for their stagnant growth rate (Al-Bazzaz). 6. Conclusion The assessment of the organizational culture using two different models namely, the Hofsteds cultural dimensions and the Cultural framework shows that hierarchical organizational culture is present within the government organizations of Kurdistan. Further analysis of the nature of leadership and employee skills shows that Bureaucracy leadership style is still prevalent among the governmental organizations of Kurdistan. From this it may be concluded that with the passage of time if the management and the employees within the organizations do not change their way of work culture then they may lack behind in the competition. The employees may lack skills and with absence of proper duty, allocation will suffer from low productivity issues, which will in turn be negative for the organizational goal achievement. Moreover, the presence of high degree of masculinity and low degree of indulgence shows that the populations of Iraq are still following the past traditions. These are the major re asons for low level of education, high concentration of wealth and low degree of recognition. Although the country has overcome the situations of political war, however the country is still not very free from tyranny. Rather the management of different organizations should successfully adopt the adhocracy culture to make the organizations flourish. References A, Mustafa. Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd, 2013. Print. Al-Bazzaz, Pishtewan. 'Prospects Of Kidney Transplantation In Iraqi Kurdistan Region'. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 16.1 (2012): 1-3. Web. Barwari, Nesreen. 'Reestablishing Peace In Kurdistan Through Natural Resource Management'. Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management (AJEDM) 02.01 (2010): 69. Web. Bell, Elaine. Organisational Culture And Learning. SaarbruÃÅ'ˆcken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013. Print. Brewer, Paul, and Sunil Venaik. 'On The Misuse Of National Culture Dimensions'. International Marketing Review 29.6 (2012): 673-683. Web. Cooper, Cary L, Sheena Johnson, and Lynn Holdsworth. Organisational Behaviour For Dummies. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, 2012. Print. Denton-Borhaug, Kelly. 'Beyond Iraq And Afghanistan: Religion And Politics In United States War-Culture'. Dialog 51.2 (2012): 125-134. Web. Draskovic, Slavka. 'Narratives Of Success And National Culture Dimensions: Serbia And The USA'. Glas Etnogr inst 60.2 (2012): 43-54. Web. Grnnow, Bjarne. 'The Backbone Of The Saqqaq Culture: A Study Of The Nonmaterial Dimensions Of The Early Arctic Small Tool Tradition'. Arctic Anthropology 49.2 (2012): 58-71. Web. Haidari, Maziar. 'Structural Diversity Of Oak Forests In Kurdistan Province (Case Study: Oak Forest)'. IOSJPBS 4.3 (2012): 37-43. Web. Ismail, Asaad H., and Mohamad S. Jaafar. 'Relationship Between Radon Concentration, Ventilation Rate And Male Infertility: A Case Study In Iraqi Kurdistan'. IJLR 7.3 (2010): 175. Web. Jimenez, Jeremy, and Peter Kabachnik. 'The Other Iraq: Exploring Iraqi Kurdistan'. Focus on Geography 55.2 (2012): 31-40. Web. Kandogan, Yener. 'An Improvement To Kogut And Singh Measure Of Cultural Distance Considering The Relationship Among Different Dimensions Of Culture'. Research in International Business and Finance 26.2 (2012): 196-203. Web. Karim, Abdulsalam R., Polla Khanaqa, and Dana A. Shukur. 'Kurdistan Crude Oils As Feedstock For Production Of Aromatics'. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2013): n. pag. Web. Khodr, Hiba, and Araz Abdullah Zirar. 'International Briefing 30: Training And Development In Iraqi Kurdistan'. International Journal of Training and Development 17.4 (2013): 295-309. Web. Khodr, Hiba, and Araz Abdullah Zirar. 'International Briefing 30: Training And Development In Iraqi Kurdistan'. International Journal of Training and Development 17.4 (2013): 295-309. Web. Kummerow, Elizabeth, and Neil Kirby. Organisational Culture. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2013. Print. Lahafian, Jamal. 'Rock Art In Kurdistan Iran'. Arts 2.4 (2013): 328-349. Web. Malik, S. 'The War In Iraq And Visual Culture - An Introduction'. Journal of Visual Culture 5.1 (2006): 81-83. Web. McLeod, Laura. 'Well, What Is The Feminist Perspective On Iraq?'. Political Studies Review 10.3 (2012): 385-393. Web. Omer, Muhamed F., and Henrik Friis. 'Cathodoluminescence Investigations On Quartz Cement In The Sandstones Of Khabour Formation From Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq'. Journal of African Earth Sciences 91 (2014): 44-54. Web. Pechey, Rachel, and Peter W Halligan. 'Exploring The Folk Understanding Of Belief: Identifying Key Dimensions Endorsed In The General Population'. Journal of Cognition and Culture 12.1 (2012): 81-99. Web. Phelps, Sandra Marie. 'The Limits Of Admittance And Diversity In Iraqi Kurdistan: Femininity And The Body Of Du'a Khalil'. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 11.3-4 (2010): 457-472. Web. Sanni, A.O., and J. Reilly. 'Dimensions Of Culture: Faculty And Student Characteristics At An Urban Public Medical School'. Journal of Surgical Research 172.2 (2012): 191. Web. Sjoberg, Laura. 'Gendered Experiences Of Genocide: Anfal Survivors In Kurdistan-Iraq'. Gender Development 20.1 (2012): 202-203. Web. Sparrow, Jane. The Culture Builders. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower, 2012. Print. Stone, Elizabeth C. 'Surface Survey And Satellite Reconnaissance: Reconstructing The Urban Layout Of Mashkan-Shapir'. Iraq 74 (2012): 65-74. Web. Toma, Janan Jabbar. 'Limnological Study Of Dokan, Derbendikhan And Duhok Lakes, Kurdistan Region Of Iraq'. OJE 03.01 (2013): 23-29. Web. Umeda, Yasushi. Design For Innovative Value Towards A Sustainable Society. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. Print. Wang, Chen-Hua, and Yu-Jung Liu. 'The Dimensions And Analysis Of Safety Culture'. Process Safety Progress 31.2 (2011): 193-194. Web. Ybema, Sierk, Dvora Yanow, and Ida Sabelis. Organizational Culture. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011. Print.

The United States of America Essay Example For Students

The United States of America Essay Curiosity and bravery led the English to discover the East Coast ofwhat is now the United States of America. These strong willed Europeans,determined to find a new world, set out with high hopes and ambitions. Settling a variety of colonies along the coast of North America, theEnglish were among the first true pioneers. After several expeditions andshiploads of emigrants, the English had a divergence of reasons fordeparting Europe for America. The settlers of the Chesapeake and NewEngland colonies were foreigners to the land, but they established twoexceptional but contrary societies due to the diversity of Englishcitizens. Chesapeake and New England colonies, although from the sameEnglish background, developed distinctions from the very start of thesixteenth century; their reasons for fleeing Europe, political standards,family life, religions and use of land. We will write a custom essay on The United States of America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With King James I offering a charter for the Virginia Company ofLondon, a joint stock company, to prompt a settlement in the New World,profit filled Englishmen could not refuse this gracious proposal. A promiseof golden lands and a new passage route through America to the West Indies,the hearty men embarked on a journey that, to their eyes, seemed to bethrough the vast unknown. Arriving on the shores of Chesapeake Bay in 1606,they were soon attacked by Indians. Finally having to settle on the JamesRiver (named in honor of their King) the Virginia Company was forced tomake their home within a mosquito infested and unhealthily region. Beginning their arduous search from the onset, the stubborn men searchedfor gold day and night through starvation, malnutrition, and disease. TheEnglishmen of the Virginia Company voyaged to America with their hearts inhope of gold and their minds set on discovering this precious metal andnothing else. Meanwhile, back in England around the 1530s, King Henry VIII hadbroken ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was anointing himself theHead of the Church of England. Soon in 1603 King James I become the head ofthe Church of England causing the Puritans to oppose him as a spiritualleader. Since they could resist him as a spiritual leader and then wouldcertainly defy as a political leader as well, King James I menaced them outof the land. Compelled to sail to America in search of religious tolerationthese English soon founded Plymouth colony. They were separatist known asPilgrims who settled the land in strong belief that they would be free ofreligious prosecution. Coming to America for entirely opposite motivationscaused these two colonies to begin to contrast from the very start. Controlling the colonies dealing with separate perspectives on life,Governor John Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay colony (part of NewEngland) and Governor William Berkley of the Virginia colony (part ofChesapeake) had a difference in views on the upraising of a community. According to John Winthrop all people are equal; the rich, the poor, themean, and the powerful. With God at the center of the New England colony,the pilgrims believed in working together as one for the glory of God,where the colonists at Chesapeake believed that one man could be betterthen another. In 1630 while Governor Winthrop was aboard the Arbella hewrites that the community needs to uphold a fellowship together. Theirunity should be abided by one spirit of peace for everyone is a worthyservant of Christ. On the other hand Governor Berkeleys viewpoint wasquite varied form that of Winthrops. In a statement to his council ondefending Virginia against a Dutch attack in 1673, Berkeley addresses hiscouncil by telling them that it is their duty to take part in a war toguard their country. By declaring that Negroes and men in debt are not goodenough to defend the country, he is clearly putting people of his colony insocial order, which is exactly what the Governor of the New Englandcol onies preached against. .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .postImageUrl , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:hover , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:visited , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:active { border:0!important; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:active , .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562 .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub967aefddce3a3c98e1059ac578ad562:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem Witch Trials EssayThese two adequate governors strived to achieve the best for theircolonies and helped the growth of two separate societies. Both governors,although coming from highly different backgrounds and mindsets had simularreasons for the different view points on the formulation of each the NewEngland and the Chesapeake colonies. The differences in family life,religion and land draw the final line where these two distinct coloniesdivide in difference and development. Fleeing from religious persecution,the pilgrims migrated to New England in close-knit families. In 1635 thepassengers heading to America for New England ranged from children toteenagers, to middl e aged men, and therefore the New England colonies wereunited from the start with a well-off family lifestyle. On another note,the ships list for passengers coming to Virginia in 1635 included mostlymen ages from 14 to a few 51 year olds. A 6 to 1 men/women ratio revealsthat family life was not a necessity for the Virginians. New Englandemphasized religion and family values, while Chesapeake concentrated onslavery, servants and prospering their tobacco industries. Equality andintegrity lead the New England colonies to widespread survival. In Massachusetts, an Article of Agreement was formed for the citizensto embrace. The articles incorporate a list that embodies covenants for thecommunity to follow in order to acquire a livelihood. The citizens of NewEngland were leveled headed, conservative, and organized. Meanwhile, arebellion in Chesapeake against the governor was about to set forth. Nathaniel Bacon, a 29-year-old indentured servant launched an attackagainst William Berkeley due to his toleration with the Indians and theirfrustration with broken expectations of acquiring land. Bacon confirmed adeclaration justifying his attack against Berkeley in 1676, by remarkingthat some citizens are building larger estates and taking the publictreasure, while they (the indentured servants) make by on merely nothing. Comparing these two controversial colonies exhibits that the citizens ofeach community lead exhaustively different lifestyles. While New Englandcivilians were fabricating laws of agreement to live by based around theirfaith, the people of Chesapeake are finding ways to go against their faithby attacking their governor. This indicates that the two colonies mainfocuses are not nearly related. Using slaves and indentured servants forfarming and cultivating the land of Chesapeake, the Virginians thrived onhigh profits, large estates, utilizing slavery, fighting Indians andattacking slaves. On the other hand, the New England colonies were centeredaround a Christian background, grounded on family ties, community unity,and flourishing from a diverse population. The New England and theChesapeake colonies, both settled by the English become two entirelydifferent societies by the beginning of the eighteenth century. As anoutcome of individualism in the two societies, a vast difference in thede velopment occurred. Ranging from family life to religion, to initialincentive for escaping the old practices of England, to styles ofgoverning, these two communities advanced in opposite directions, but alsoemerged as becoming unique successful societies of the English origin.

Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd

â€Å"Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd† In Ionesco’s â€Å"Foursome† we are introduced to three characters (Dupont, Duran, and Martin) that drags us into a chaotic and absurd world. These three characters strut around the stage each complaining that the other is â€Å"talking with out saying anything at all† until the presence of the fourth character, the Pretty Lady. Upon her arrival, the disposition of Dupont, Duran, and Martin changes sharply with fighting over who â€Å"owns† the Pretty Lady and trying to win her over with the potted plants. Ionesco uses the experimental techniques of the Theater of the Absurd of a sense of chaos with vague dialogue and an illogical plot to make a social comment on the lack of communication in our world today that has been clouded by materialism. Through the vague dialogue of â€Å"Foursome† Ionesco develops feeling of disorder for the reader. This sense of madness can be seen through the way the characters speak to one another in convoluted dialogue and with overstated uniformity. The illogical plot is favored in the Theater of the Absurd because it doesn't follow typical standards so that it can better satirize. Through the hard-to-follow plot of â€Å"Foursome†, the aimless plot shows the audience how Dupont, Duran, and Martin accomplish nothing. Through their fights, which are fragmented, no solution (or even real problem) comes out of it. Rather, theses characters only illustrate the way society fuss over material items and have a block of communication. â€Å"Foursome† attempts to show society today of the way we communicate: indistinctly and scattered. As our main characters Dupont, Duran, and Martin run around the stage, they argue incessantly. However, they never reach an agreement nor do they even realize what they are truly fighting about. Ionesco uses this technique in attempts to show the reader the way modern society has become a matter of â€Å"talking without really saying any... Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd â€Å"Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd† In Ionesco’s â€Å"Foursome† we are introduced to three characters (Dupont, Duran, and Martin) that drags us into a chaotic and absurd world. These three characters strut around the stage each complaining that the other is â€Å"talking with out saying anything at all† until the presence of the fourth character, the Pretty Lady. Upon her arrival, the disposition of Dupont, Duran, and Martin changes sharply with fighting over who â€Å"owns† the Pretty Lady and trying to win her over with the potted plants. Ionesco uses the experimental techniques of the Theater of the Absurd of a sense of chaos with vague dialogue and an illogical plot to make a social comment on the lack of communication in our world today that has been clouded by materialism. Through the vague dialogue of â€Å"Foursome† Ionesco develops feeling of disorder for the reader. This sense of madness can be seen through the way the characters speak to one another in convoluted dialogue and with overstated uniformity. The illogical plot is favored in the Theater of the Absurd because it doesn't follow typical standards so that it can better satirize. Through the hard-to-follow plot of â€Å"Foursome†, the aimless plot shows the audience how Dupont, Duran, and Martin accomplish nothing. Through their fights, which are fragmented, no solution (or even real problem) comes out of it. Rather, theses characters only illustrate the way society fuss over material items and have a block of communication. â€Å"Foursome† attempts to show society today of the way we communicate: indistinctly and scattered. As our main characters Dupont, Duran, and Martin run around the stage, they argue incessantly. However, they never reach an agreement nor do they even realize what they are truly fighting about. Ionesco uses this technique in attempts to show the reader the way modern society has become a matter of â€Å"talking without really saying any...

Congenial vs. Genial

Congenial vs. Genial â€Å"Congenial† vs. â€Å"Genial† â€Å"Congenial† vs. â€Å"Genial† By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between congenial and genial? They both derive from that Latin term that also developed into genius, but their meanings are mostly distinct. Genial means â€Å"friendly† or â€Å"sympathetic,† or â€Å"mild†; it also describes someone who displays or is marked by genius, but that is a rare usage. Genial can refer to a person (â€Å"She has a genial personality†) or to an inanimate object or phenomenon (â€Å"The weather was genial yesterday†). Although congenial can be synonymous with genial, the connotation is usually one of having a pleasant and/or sociable attitude (â€Å"He is a congenial host†) or being harmonious or of a kindred spirit (â€Å"Their congenial interest in the matter may help them cooperate†). Writers must take care not to introduce an extraneous letter to produce one of two words that, though distantly related to genial and congenial, have nothing to do with the terms or with each other: Genital refers to the sexual organs, and congenital usually refers to diseases or unhealthy psychological features. A congenital physical condition is one that dates or exists from birth or is acquired during gestation and not through heredity; one can also describe someone as having a congenital fear of or obsession about something. People are also sometimes described as being congenital in some aspect of their nature for example, a congenital liar is someone who is habitually deceitful. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 40 Fish IdiomsPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Loyality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loyality - Essay Example Most of us often go through life oblivious of what goes on in other states enjoying the bliss of life. We depend on the media to give us a picture of what life is like, despite the fact that in most cases it often fails to depict the real picture. We make so many assumptions without even the least bit of information that can easily help us base our judgments. Racism and economic inequality is a reality that has been in the society for years, despite the fact that most people fail to acknowledge it. All it takes is a simple look around us to finally see the reality of what exists. Most people base their judgments on what they hear and rarely ever do so based on their experience. In her essay, she talks about the â€Å"white trash† she comes across in Mexico. In spite of the fact that she was an American herself, she felt like she was better than them simply because they acted differently than her. She tries to call the reader’s attention to things so inherent that they have become imperceptible to us, such as our assumptions on race. She states â€Å"In the United States, it is very easy for me to forget that the people around me are my people. It is easy, with all our divisions, to think of myself as an outsider in my own country.† (Biss, 93). Although in her country she could easily separate herself from others and act like she was better than others, while in Mexico she finally got to see herself from other people’s perspective. She used to pride herself in the fact that she was better simply because she was a well refined woman from a good background with good education. The US has always been regarded as a land that holds better promises which is why most immigrants are so quick to try and sneak in hoping to find a better life than what they have left behind. To most people’s surprise, life is not any better

ELL Learners Today Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ELL Learners Today - Research Paper Example These are (a) imitation theory, (b) reinforcement theory, and (c) active construction of grammar theory (Lindsay, Roberts, & Campbell, 2005; College of Education, 2010; Mixed Sources, 2007). Imitation theory follows a procedure where a child is permeated to hear speech sounds and be encouraged to imitate it (Lindsay et. al, 2005). For instance, English couples teach their child to speak English or a Japanese couple would teach their children Niponggo as its native language. In this imitative process, first learners would encounter problems and errors which are generally acceptable, predictable and consistent (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2007). Reinforcement theory refer to a process of language acquisition where adults take the role of supporting or coaching the children in the learning processes, and are constantly appraising the child’s communicative progress through affirmation, appreciation, and by correcting children’s errors either by form, by statement’ s content and/or the truthfulness what a child conveyed (OME, 2007). Moreover, in the active construction of a grammar, a child start to learn formal statement construction that is sensitive to lessons learnt from linguistic inputs. This means that the children are already receiving language input following the lessons they learned from adults or from their coaches (OME, 2007). In this stage, they can start to communicate formally with others in better form or sentence construction and they are able to convey meanings clearly using better language performance (OME, 2007). 2) How can we as teachers ease new ELL students into our classrooms in ways that help them become a contributing member of our classroom community? What do you plan to do to help new ELLs feel a part of your classroom from the beginning? To help learners ease in the learning process, teachers must develop a learning environment that will permeate continued development of children language

Information Gathering Obu Essay Example for Free

Information Gathering Obu Essay Every Research Report requires information as the basis for analysis. Information sources can be categorised as either primary or secondary data. There is no requirement for you to collect primary data within your Research Report; it is wholly acceptable to undertake your Research Report using only secondary data. The difference between primary and secondary data is identified below. Primary data is original data that has been collected by a researcher by whatever means appropriate in the answer of a specific research question. . e. it has been collected specifically for the Research Report. Examples of primary data include questionnaires, interviews, e-mail contacts and surveys. If you decide to collect primary data as part of your research work, then you should state and justify the following: ? The data collection techniques you intend to use e. g. questionnaires, interviews. ? Your sample size and an outline of your sampling strategy. ? The method you will use to select your sample and the likely response rate. If you intend to collect primary data from staff within your chosen organisation you must obtain permission to do this from a senior member of staff within the organisation. You should do this as early as possible during your Research Report, since if you are denied access to your desired information sources you may have to reconsider how to meet your project objectives and research questions. Secondary data is data that has been collected by others for their own purposes, but which may be used by a researcher for his or her different purposes. Examples of secondary data include reference material, books, CD ROMs and financial statements. You should always evaluate the appropriateness and relevance of secondary data sources. Information included in internet sources may not be reliable from an academic perspective and may not be appropriate for use in your Research Report. If you decide to use secondary data as part of your research work, you should state and justify your choice to do so. Where you use published secondary data you must provide precise references using the Harvard Referencing System. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. You must retain all of the information that you collected during your project work until you have received official notification of your RAP grade from Oxford Brookes University. This includes any questionnaire responses, copies of financial statements, extracts from journals, reports, magazines etc. Oxford Brookes University may wish to ask you to provide additional evidence of your information gathering following the marking of your Research and Analysis project.

Technology Transfer :: essays research papers

Analyzing the transfer of technology from one place to another can be a very difficult task. People have tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what impact the technology had on history. Books have been written on conclusions that authors have made after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the information to write a book about this subject is extremely hard and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have made with regard to the fact that reading a book on this subject is hard and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily based on my readings about nineteenth and twentieth century technology transfer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth century two major events stand out in connection to technology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and exploitation of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through many examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though many would like to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. However, the transfer of technology is now steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to travel up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland transportation for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of life in India and Africa. China’s rulers controlled European influence rather tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an influence of European technology in China. In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still happening. Yet it is happening a slightly different manner instead of being forced upon a nation it is being adapted to and for a nation. In the 1930s the United States made advancements in genetic –chemical technology. Technology Transfer :: essays research papers Analyzing the transfer of technology from one place to another can be a very difficult task. People have tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what impact the technology had on history. Books have been written on conclusions that authors have made after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the information to write a book about this subject is extremely hard and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have made with regard to the fact that reading a book on this subject is hard and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily based on my readings about nineteenth and twentieth century technology transfer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth century two major events stand out in connection to technology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and exploitation of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through many examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though many would like to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. However, the transfer of technology is now steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to travel up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland transportation for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of life in India and Africa. China’s rulers controlled European influence rather tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an influence of European technology in China. In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still happening. Yet it is happening a slightly different manner instead of being forced upon a nation it is being adapted to and for a nation. In the 1930s the United States made advancements in genetic –chemical technology.

Cosi Shows Us That ‘Fairytale Endings’ Do Not Reflect Real Life Essay

Cosi is a play set in the 1970s, when Australia and the world were facing political complexities, such as the conflict against the communist government and the happenning of the Vietnam War. It was a time when people had to choose their loyalties, causing great frustration and tearing the community apart. We are able to see this in Cosi in the lives of two best mates Nick and Lewis, as their priorities and commitments during that period of time, as well as conflicting social views with the rise of different social conventions such as ‘free love’ during the 1970s. It is a play within a play with parallel runnings with Mozart’s opera ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’, both plays explore the meanings of love and fidelity and how Lucy parallels the infidelity of the women in ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’. Nowra also allows us to see how the theatre works its magic, as a therapy not only for the insane but as well as the sane. As we slowly see the cast blossoming towards the end of the play, Lewis ends it by announcing some fateful happenings of the cast such as the deaths of Julie and Henry, giving an unfairytale like ending to the play. However not all had the same fate, we see how Ruth’s obsessive compulsive disorder allowed her to become a â€Å"time and motion expert† and Zac’s eccentricity making him a â€Å"rock and roll† player. ‘Cosi fan Tutte’ main theme is about a woman’s infidelity towards man. Despite the opera being set in the 1700s and facing problems with love and fidelity, it proves that society still hasn’t changed in that perspective with the characters in Cosi mirroring some of it’s values. The ‘free love’ movement during the 1970s also shows how society is becoming much more liberal in character and less conservative. The influence also caused a seperation between the community as some still stick to their conservative views such as Lewis, Nick and Lucy. Lucy redefined the modern meaning of fidelity by claiming she â€Å"only had sex with Nick, but slept with Lewis. † Lewis himself also holds his very bias view on fidelity, despite his obvious attraction towards Julie, he still claims his fidelity by â€Å"not having sex† with Julie even though he kissed her. This shows the society’s gradual evolvement by beginning to define it’s meaning of fidelity with the references to sex only. Nowra allows us to observe the discrimination and social defining ways of the people by beginning the play in a â€Å"burnt out theatre†, displaying the neglect shown towards the mental patients and the seperation it had formed between the sane and insane people. â€Å"They are just people who have done extraordinary things, thought extraordinary thoughts. † Nowra shows the fine line drawn between the sane and insane, and that those in the institution are not always as what the society defines them. The act of isolating mental patients shows the people’s way of dealing with kinks in the society, an easy solution. Julie for instance, is completely sane however has an addiction to drugs, â€Å"They don’t know how to deal with drug users† shows how the people had either the lack of knowledge or wasn’t eager enough to dwell into and solve the problem. Instead, Julie was prescribed more drugs for her habit, which did not break and caused her death in the future with an overdose. Zac also displays the extremities of drug consumption, causing him to have no control over himself and later not being able to appear in the opera. Such as ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’s’ use of Mesmer magnets and Cosi’s use of shock treatment for magnets showed the society’s inefficient way of dealing with problems. Through Cosi, whether insane of sane, the cast blossomed as they progressed on into the play and just like Justin’s main aim â€Å"to bring them out of their shells†, Lewis suceeded. Not only with them but from a shy and confused young man, Lewis came out with a stronger sense of leadership and confidence. He was more certain on what he wanted compared to earlier where he allowed Roy to grab his glory. Lewis broke up with Lucy and learned to console Roy before the opera showing a huge improvement from his character before, he â€Å"proved Roy wrong†. The cast showed lots of gratitude towards him in the end of the play even with Henry stuttering a â€Å"Tttthank you†, who before this could only communicate with the form of â€Å"shaking his head†. Despite his improvement in speech and confidence, Nowra made his fate a sad one showing the unrealistic ‘fairytale endings’, along with Julie’s overdose despite being discharged. Roy had showed no improvement with his continuous enthusiasm over the wards where â€Å"his fellow patients took petitions to get rid of him†. But with Ruth and Zac’s improved careers, Nowra shows that there are still hopes in ‘fairytale endings’.

Equal Distribution of Income Essay

The fair distribution of income may be the most value-laden of all economic goals; it is certainly the most controversial. When it comes to dividing the total national output, there can be many interpretations of what makes for a fair division of wealth, as there are people. The issue of income equalization is further complicated by regional differences, as identified in the article. The equalization program, which is funded through general tax revenue collected from all Canadians, transfers dollars to poorer provinces so they can offer programs and services reasonably comparable to those offered in the wealthier provinces, at similar levels of taxation. There is a controversial overhaul of transfer payments under study by federal government. The six â€Å"have-not† provinces are splitting $15. 4 billion in equalization payments in 2012-13: Quebec ($7. billion), Ontario ($3. 3 billion), Manitoba ($1. 7 billion), New Brunswick ($1. 5 billion), Nova Scotia ($1. 3 billion) and Prince Edward Island ($337 million). The other four provinces (B. C. , Alberta, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador) are considered to have greater revenue-generating capacity and don’t currently qualify for equalization. The Conservative government has been examining substantial changes to the $15. -billion federal equalization program that could dramatically affect transfers sent to provinces and their ability to pay for programs and services. The concern in this article is the proposal, if implemented, could have multibillion-dollar consequences on hydro-producing provinces such as Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, and possibly Newfoundland and Labrador. Any reforms to how hydroelectricity is calculated in equalization would almost certainly prove to be one of the most contentious issues, especially in the hydro-producing provinces. The current equalization program calculates 50 per cent of a province’s natural resource revenues in determining its revenue-generating ability — or â€Å"fiscal capacity† — and whether it deserves an annual equalization payment. But, the economic value of hydroelectricity isn’t necessarily calculated the same as oil and gas, partly because of the difficulty in determining the value of hydro power due to a lack of a competitive market in Canada. However, any changes to how hydroelectricity is calculated in equalization could have a â€Å"huge impact† on how much — if any — a province receives from Ottawa in equalization. For example, some studies have suggested Quebec could lose billions of dollars in equalization payments if the true value of hydroelectricity were calculated in the program. If the true economic value of the hydroelectricity were calculated, it would amount to a larger fiscal capacity for equalization-receiving provinces such as Quebec and Manitoba and possibly mean billions of dollars less in federal payments sent to those provinces in the coming years. I feel that the issue of equalization payments with regard to hydroelectricity generating provinces is a controversial one. Although, my opinion on such is that these â€Å"have† provinces (Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Newfoundland and Labrador) which are producing the hydroelectricity should be compensated for such. Due to the fact that hydroelectricity isn’t calculated like another resource doesn’t mean these hydroelectricity providing provinces should suffer. Currently, the equalization program takes into account differences in revenue-generating capacity among the provinces, but not the varying costs of providing services in each of the jurisdictions. Considering the revenues from hydro generation account for less than 20 per cent of total natural resource revenues across the country. However, hydro makes up nearly 80 per cent of natural resource revenues of equalization-receiving provinces, making it particularly important for distribution of equalization. Regardless if one province would suffer dramatically, I feel it is important to focus energy on this matter as the other â€Å"have† provinces could also benefit.

The natural

The natural The role of symbolism in Bernard MalamudÂÆ'‚‚ ¡Ã‚Æ'‚‚ ¦s The Natural is important in helping the reader understand the theme and meaning of the novel as well as the time period in which it took place. MalamudÂÆ'‚‚ ¡Ã‚Æ'‚‚ ¦s use of symbolism defines the character of Roy Hobbs and shows how the events occurring around him affected his decisions and, eventually, his career.Symbolism in The Natural takes the form of characters, such as women who strongly influenced Roy; historical events, such as the infamous 1919 World Series scandal; and even Greek and Roman mythology. All forms of symbolism used by Malamud are woven into the life and career of Roy Hobbs.As a first example, women have a tremendous influence on RoyÂÆ'‚‚ ¡Ã‚Æ'‚‚ ¦s actions and feelings. One of the more influential symbols in the book, women tend to control what Roy does. The first woman Roy falls for is Harriet Bird whom he meets on a train on his way to Chi cago to try out for the Chicago Cubs.Roy is extremely attracted to her, but a major league ballplayer on the train named Whammer Wambold has already caught her eye. Roy becomes jealous and begins to do things to try to get her attention. At a stop in the route, the passengers get off for a break and go to a local carnival where Roy and the big leaguer clash in a contest of talent, a David-and-Goliath-type confrontation (Solotaroff 9). Roy strikes out the batter with three blistering pitches, each of which make Harriet pay more and more attention to him. As they arrive in Chicago, Harriet stays at the hotel at which Roy has booked a room. She gives him a call and provocatively invites him to her room. Succumbing to her invitation, and making his way to her room, he enters...

Bivalves, the Twin-Shelled Mollusks

Bivalves, the Twin-Shelled Mollusks Bivalves are a group of mollusks that includes clams, scallops, oysters, mussels, razor shells, cockles, venus shells, borers, trough shells and many others (some of which live in the deep sea and have yet to be identified). Bivalves are the second most diverse group of mollusks, ranking only behind  gastropods in number of species. Bivalves are so named for their paired shells. The shells of a bivalve consists of  two halves, mirror images of one another, that are joined at one edge by a flexible hinge. Each half is asymmetrical and rounded, so that when its closed against its opposite number, this forms a domed space near the hinged edge of the shell that accommodates the bulk of the bivalves body and narrows towards the edge of the shell that opens. (Bear in mind that although most bivalves have paired shells, a few species either have drastically reduced shells or no shells at all.) Bivalves live in marine and freshwater habitats; the most diverse, consisting of 80 percent of all species, live in ocean habitats. These invertebrates have four different lifestyles: epifaunal, infaunal, boring and free-moving. Epifaunal bivalves attach themselves to hard surfaces and remain in the same spot for their entire lives. Epifaunal bivalves, such as oysters, adhere to surfaces using either cementation or byssal threads (sticky chitinous threads secreted by a gland in the foot). Infaunal bivalves bury themselves in sand or sediment on the seafloor or in riverbeds; they have thin, soft shells armed with hard tips, and they bore into solid surfaces such as wood or rock. Free-moving bivalves, such as scallops, use their muscular single feet to dig into sand and soft sediments; they can also move through the water by opening and closing their valves. Most bivalves have a pair of large gills  located in their mantle cavity. These gills enable the bivalves both to extract oxygen from the water (in order to breathe) and to capture food; water rich in oxygen and microorganisms is drawn into the mantle cavity and washes through the gills. In species that burrow, a long siphon extends to the surface to take in water; mucus on the gills helps capture food and cilia transfer the food particles to the mouth.    Bivalves have mouths, hearts, intestine, gills, stomachs and siphons, but do not have heads, radulae or jaws. These mollusks possess abductor muscles that, when contracted, hold the two halves of their shells closed. Bivalves are also equipped with a muscular foot, which in many species, such as clams, is used to anchor their bodies to the substrate or to dig down into the sand. The bivalve fossils  date back to the Early Cambrian period.  During the ensuing Ordovician, bivalves diversified in terms of both number of species and the variety of ecological niches occupied. Species Diversity Approximately 9,200 species Classification Bivalves are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Bivalves Bivalves are divided into the following taxonomic groups: ProtobranchiaPteriomorpha - This group includes animals such as scallops, oysters, pearl oysters, mussels, arcs and various other familiesAnomalodesmataRostroconchiaHeterodontaPalaeoheterodonta Edited on February 10, 2017 by Bob Strauss

No need for topic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

No need for topic - Case Study Example Herr acted on instinct, even though he gambled he eventually bought the Boeings when the dollar was at its lowest. In that aspect, Herr should not be accused of mistimed purchasing and thus should be retained as the chairman of Lufthansa airlines by the board. 2. Even though he had expected the dollar to depreciate, he would not have left the whole amount unhedged, due to a variety of factors. First Herr was not sure that the dollar was going to depreciate; he was just going by his instincts. In that aspect living, the whole amount unhedged would have lead to the firm using more money in purchasing the Boeings. Hedging half the amount was a brilliant idea as it ensured that either way; the company would not use a lot of money in buying the Boeings. If Herr had left the whole amount unhedged and the dollar appreciated further, the organization would have used the colossal amount of money in buying the Boeings. However, hedging half ensured that the firm was cushioned whether the dollar appreciated or depreciated the firm would still benefit. Faced with such uncertainties Herr made a wise decision in hedging half the amount. Remaining uncovered as contemplated by the board would have had a positive impact, however, if the dollar would have appreciated and Herr’s anticipation proved wrong, then the firm would have lost a lot of money. Some of the risks associated with remaining uncovered include; higher spending. Full forward cover also has some advantages as well as disadvantages. The advantage of full forward cover is that the firm would have been protected adequately against currency exposure. However, taking such a risk in purchasing would have been a dangerous option, most companies prefer taking such a risk in other lines of business other than purchasing. 3. Herr had expected the dollar to depreciate, however, leaving the whole amount unhedged was risky, and however using forward contracts was not a good idea. Herr was

Corporate and Global Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Corporate and Global Strategy - Essay Example The fast development of previously less developed countries in East Asia and Latin America also means higher disposable income which the customers can spend on durable goods like automobile. Recognising the wider market and huge profit potential from these transformations, players in the global automobile manufacturing industry opted to pursue globalisation strategies. They have expanded beyond their local markets to serve and cater to the needs of customers abroad. Thus, the current global automobile manufacturing industry is currently comprised of large players going beyond their traditional markets to foreign markets with the prospects of larger market, higher revenue, and higher profit. With the players' decision to pursue internationalisation, they face important decisions about their product offerings and strategies. It should be noted that as industry players seek foreign markets, they are actually exposing themselves to an entirely different set of customers who can have different preferences and expectations about their products. ... er the global manufacturing industry is approaching globalisation or localisation, this paper will use 4Cs model which assesses the operations and external macroenvironment of car producers. In the discussion below, it can be seen that the global automobile manufacturing industry is currently midway between globalisation and localisation. However, it can be noted that the sector is approaching localisation as multinational organisations continue to respond to the specific preferences, culture, laws, and rules in its specific market. The 4Cs framework is a strategic management tool which "can be used to assess actual and emerging trends and can assist in determining the extent to which an industry is moving towards globalisation or localisation" (Ellis and Williams 1995, p.107). This looks at three factors in the external environment of the sector namely customers, cost, country, and competition. The customers' factors in this model are subdivided according to customers' requirements, distribution, and uniformity of marketing. Cost drivers are in terms of new product development, scale economies, and transportation costs. Country drivers include trade barriers, technical standards, and cultural and institutional barriers. Lastly competitive forces refer to competitive interdependence and entry of new competitors. Customers The current global manufacturing industry is described as hypercompetitive which can is characterised by the more intense competition among players and high bargaining power of the customers (Kotler 2005). With automobile manufacturers becoming aware of the importance of tailoring their products to customers' preferences, market niching and customisation has become a popular trend. According to Donald Peterson, former chairman of Ford Motor

Cell proliferation experiment, Immunoprecipitation and western blot Essay

Cell proliferation experiment, Immunoprecipitation and western blot experiment, cell imaging experiment - Essay Example The aim of this work was to elucidate the mechanism by which cp250 causes tumors and identify which signaling pathways were activated by its binding to the cell. The first experiment looked at the effect of cp250 on cell proliferation and compared it to the effect of the growth factor PDGFA and the second and third experiments looked at which pathways were triggered by the binding of cp250 to hepatocytes. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether cp250 caused cell proliferation in hepatocytes and also to establish whether it was recognized by the same receptor that bound the growth factor PDGFA. As shown in Table 1, cp250 and PDGFA clearly have similar effects on cell proliferation. Hepatocytes that were treated with either cp250 or PDGFA both showed an increase in proliferation as compared to cells that were not given either. Moreover cp250 and PDGFA appear to bind to the same receptor, PDGFR. There does not appear to be any synergism when both are used together. Hepatocytes that were treated with antisense RNA to the receptor prior to incubation with the ligands did not show a significant increase in proliferation. In addition, scrambled siRNA that does not target any cellular mRNA does not affect the binding of either cp250 or PDGFA to the receptor. This indicates that the binding of cp250 is specific to PDGFR. The next step was to identify which downstream elements in the signaling process were activated on binding to the receptor. In order to do this, hepatocytes that were treated with cp250 and PDGFA were lysed and complexes that were formed were pulled down with an antibody to the receptor. Western blots with antibodies raised against different downstream signaling molecules were performed to identify which components were complexed with the receptor after activation. Controls were performed with cells treated with water. As can be seen in Fig.1A, cp250 and PDGFA both bind to the receptor PDGFR, confirming the first experiment. From Fig.1B, it can be seen that Phospholipase gamma 1 (PLC1) is recruited to the receptor after treatment with either cp250 or PDGFA. From Fig.1C, it can be inferred that autophosphorylation of PDGFR and phosphorylation of PLC1 take place, indicating the activation of PLC1 takes place once it is recruited to the activated receptor. Confocal Microscopy The aim of this experiment was to confirm the activation of the inositol phospholipids pathway and further characterize the downstream signaling pathway set off by the binding of cp250 to PDGFR. The confocal images show that when rat hepatocytes transfected with EGFP-tagged PLC1 are treated with either cp250 or PDGFA, the PLC1 is localized to the cell membrane, indicating their recruitment. This localization is markedly absent in cells treated with water alone. On addition of the red fluorescent Ca2+ sensing dye X-rhod-1, there is an increase in red fluorescence in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes treated with cp250 or PDGFA but not with water. This indicates that the IP3 signalling pathway has been activated upon binding of the viral protein. DISCUSSION The present work was intended to try and deduce the probable mechanism by which cp250 acts upon the hepatocyte and causes tumorigenesis. Given its similarity to the growth factor PDGFA, it seemed reasonable to postulate that it bound to the same

Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia

Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia Table of Contents (Jump to) Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study Context of the Study Problem Statement Research Questions CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of Skilled Labour Skills Shortage Skills Shortage in Australia CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data Collection and Analysis Methods Quantitative Data Collection Qualitative Data Collection Description of the Research Process Project Plan Expected Research Outcomes Conclusion References The Impact of Labour Shortage on Economic Growth of Australia CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study The present study will aim to address the labour shortage in Australia that ultimately affects the economic growth of the country. From this perspective, Gavin (2010) points out that â€Å"The minerals and energy industry continues to make a significant contribution to employment and wider economic activity in the communities of regional Australia, and to governments directly through taxes and royalties. Skilled labour shortages; however, will continue to have an impact on the nation’s future growth and development prospects, especially in the minerals and energy industry† (p. 1). It would not be wrong to state that the labour shortages coexist with the â€Å"high levels of unemployment,† as these shortages are considered as restrictions for the occupations required experienced workers as well as specialist skills. Nevertheless, the labour shortage is widely considered to be the consequence of various factors such as changes in technology, high levels of wastage, low levels of training, increased demand of new skills, and locational difference (Labour Market Research and Analysis Branch Department of Employment, 2014). This is particularly because workers do not have the skills required by the employers. Context of the Study It is generally recognized that Australia has been experiencing the lack of skills in certain industries. This can end up being a deterrent in the budgetary development of the economy. There are different courses for business and government to address this issue. Costs, welfare and superannuation systems all need examination in light of the way that they offer impulses to backing in the work power. The nonappearance of suitable staff hampers the development of the Australian economy (Tan Lester, 2012; McLean, 2012). The businesses are not ready to discover suitable staffs which prompt undertaking postponements, moderate generation. Thusly, money related advancement is slower than it would in general be. In reality, aptitude insufficiencies diminish beyond what many would consider possible for the economy. Remuneration improvement in business ventures standing up to exceptional capacity inadequacies (particularly mining) is normal and not strange. On the other hand, a greatly basic threat happens if wage advancement specifically territories decodes into no matter how you look at it remuneration improvement (Brennan Castles, 2002). There is noteworthy lack of staff in commercial ventures, for example, mining, accommodation, wellbeing, building, hospitality and farming. Problem Statement Skills shortage hampers the financial growth of the country and it is a great challenge for the Abbott government, currently the â€Å"federal executive government† of Australia. The government is led by Tony Abbott, the Prime Minister of Australia. Nevertheless, a large number of industries are requesting for the increased rate of migrant intake due to the labour shortage in Australia. Work deficiency in Australia has long been a subject in money related and political rounds (Brennan Castles, 2002; McLean, 2012). It was even gathering of the Hawke governments arrangement in 1987. In the late years, Australia has been welcoming the skilled migrants to fill the gaping-holes in the Australian workforce. In 2012, there was remarkable trade when the Gillard government left the relocation rules (ACCI, 2007). Research Questions As Australian Industry Group has recently released its settlement to the organization on boosting the movement permit by 30,000 a year to â€Å"meet capacities insufficiencies,† the aim and objectives of this study will be: When are the labour shortages to be addressed through labour immigration? Which industries are experiencing the labour shortages? How can be the current labour motivated and improved its skills? CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of Skilled Labour The term â€Å"skilled labour† refers to work force that has â€Å"high skill level† to create a noteworthy economic value with the help of work performance, also known as human capital (Dyster Meredith, 2012). Skilled labour is usually characterized as high expertise, as well as high education with high wages, as it involves complicated tasks, which usually need specific education, skill sets, experience and training. From this perspective, Mitchell and Quirk (2005) point out that â€Å"The term skill refers to a specific ability, and is generally used where the ability is assumed to have been in some sense developed through experience or training. Skill is one of several terms used to express the concept of ability, the mental or physical power to do something, that variously distinguish how the ability was acquired, and to what standard. For example, aptitude implies an inherent capacity for acquiring ability, whereas talent often infers ability is inborn. Competen ce generally suggests an ability to do something satisfactorily but not outstandingly. Proficiency suggests significant competence. Skills are also often classified according to the method of their development, as ‘formal’ (derived through a process of structured training and documented assessment), non-formal (training was structured but no certification issued) or informal (obtained through practice, experience, self-education, etc)† (p. 3). Skills Shortage The term â€Å"skills shortage† is considered to be quite related to the skilled labour. According to Mitchell and Quirk (2005), â€Å"Unsurprisingly, analyses of skills shortages by industry and governments invariably consider the issue from the perspective of business and profitability, which places the emphasis on containment of labour costs both in terms of wages and conditions, and hence, whenever possible, externalising the costs associated with developing the skills firms require in their workers† (p. 5). From this perspective, it would be accurate to state that the shortage of skills usually results in the aggravation to organizations, as it hampers both the quantity and the quality of their productivity. According to Richardson (2007), â€Å"In a market economy, firms are accustomed to being limited by their capacity to find buyers for their products, not by their capacity to produce those products. When firms have buyers waiting, but cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand because they cannot recruit sufficient skilled workers, they interpret this as a failure of the skills development system† (p. 11). Skills Shortage in Australia According to Mitchell and Quirk (2005), â€Å"It is evident that from their perspective, Australian businesses feel hamstrung by the present state of the labour market. The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) cite skills shortages as one of the most significant barriers to investment in Australia. The Business Council of Australia (BCA) notes that the increasing average population age necessitates a range of training measures to head of future broad based skills shortages. Although the labour market has tightened in recent years, there is still only anecdotal evidence that a skills shortage is becoming a growth bottleneck† (p. 5). On the other hand, the national government office responsible for Australias tourism and hospitality needs around 56,000 skilled workers from now unless more remote staff is used in nearby ranges. Government needs to relax the 457 visa plan to enable employers to hire skilled staff from overseas (Brennan Castles, 2002; Dyster Meredith, 2012). Skilled positions such as Chef, cooks, Dentists are in huge demand employers are constantly looking overseas as they are not able to hire suitable skilled staff locally. Table 1 shows the â€Å"survey of employers who have recently advertised† for the vacancies in Australia. Table 1: (Proportion of vacancies filled (%), average number of applicants and suitable applicants per vacancy (no.), All SERA occupations, 2007 to 2014 (%)) Source: (Labour Market Research and Analysis Branch Department of Employment, 2014, p. 5) Table 1 also demonstrates that there is a deficiency of skilled workers in Australia from 2008 to 2013. It is quite difficult for the employers to fill the number of overall vacancies. Most number of candidates are not suitably met all requirements for the employment. Employers are willing to sponsor skilled workers but the long and costly legal process is a problem .The number of businesses confronting staff deficiency have tumbled to a new low with managers neglecting to contract staff with proper capabilities (Brennan Castles, 2002). New figures released by the Department of Employment yesterday show insufficiencies were more disposed to be for trades than reasons for living (Argent Tonts, 2015). Kitchen staff, hair stylists and auto mechanics were the hardest positions to fill, while Accountants and teachers were the easiest position to fill. Over the past budgetary year, considerable amounts of applicants competed for available businesses in Australia’s regional areas. McGrath (2014) points out that â€Å"Boston Consulting Group has released a report predicting a shortfall of 2.3 million workers by 2030. The firm says Australias economic growth risks losing momentum in the years ahead unless the country can find ways to plug the gap. With Australia’s unemployment rate at an 11 year high of 6 per cent, it may seem like a strange time to be talking about a shortage of people looking for work, but Brad Noakes from Boston Consulting Group says it is a prospect worth taking seriously† (p.n.d). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study will use the mix research methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or propositions and research questions that will put forward as possible solutions to the problems mentioned in the literature review section. Data Collection and Analysis Methods As mentioned above this study will use the mix research methodology, mix research methodology refers to the approach of research that contains the both methodologies i.e. qualitative and quantitative. Creswell (2013) suggests that â€Å"Truth is what works at the time; it is not based in a strict dualism between the mind and a reality completely independent of the mind. Thus, in mixed methods research, investigators use both quantitative and qualitative data because they work to provide the best understanding of a research problem† (p. 12). Quantitative Data Collection In the â€Å"quantitative data collection method† an investigator relies upon the random sampling as well as upon the structured â€Å"data collection instruments.† These two tools of investigation fit the diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. In other words, they produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. According to Creswell (2013), â€Å"In quantitative studies, researchers advance the relationship among variables and pose this in terms of questions or hypotheses† (p. 8). The quantitative data gathering methodologies include: Experiments/clinical trials Observing and recording all around characterized occasions (e.g., tallying the quantity of patients holding up in crisis at indicated times of the day) Obtaining applicable information from administration data frameworks Administering overviews with interviews e.g., vis-à  -vis and phone interviews, polls an Qualitative Data Collection The research method what is known as â€Å"qualitative data collection† plays a significant role to assess the research question, as it provides the researcher with useful information to understand the various processes involved in the observed results. On the other hand, it also helps the researcher to assess changes in the perceptions of people concerning to their well-being. According to Creswell (2013), â€Å"Meanings are constructed by human beings as they engage with the world they are interpreting. Qualitative researchers tend to use open-ended questions so that participants can express their views† (p. 9). In addition, the qualitative method is also used for the improvement of the quality of ‘survey-based quantitative evaluations.† This is how it helps the investigator to generate the evaluation hypothesis. It actually strengthens the design of â€Å"survey questionnaires† and expands or clarifies the â€Å"quantitative evaluation findings.â €  The approaches used under the qualitative researcher are characterized as following: They have a tendency to be open-finished and have less organized conventions (i.e., researchers may change the information gathering method by including, refining, or dropping systems or sources) They depend all the more intensely on intelligent meetings; respondents may be talked with a few times to catch up on a specific issue, clear up ideas or check the dependability of information They depend on numerous information accumulation systems to check the legitimacy of their outcomes) Generally their discoveries are not generalizable to any particular topic rather every contextual analysis creates a solitary bit of confirmation that can be utilized to look for general examples among diverse investigations of the same issue Despite the sorts of information included, information gathering in a subjective study takes a lot of time. The specialist needs to record any conceivably valuable information completely, precisely, and methodically, utilizing field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs and other suitable means. The information gathering strategies must watch the moral standards of examination. The subjective techniques most usually utilized as a part of assessment can be characterized in three general classes: In-profundity meeting Observation techniques Document review Description of the Research Process The process of the proposed study will put special focus on the approaches including â€Å"Exploratory Data Collection† and â€Å"Survey.† From this perspective, participant observation will be the core method used to collect and analyse data during fieldwork in Australia. On the other hand, it will also use the survey to collect the data for this study. Nevertheless, survey will be containing two scales such as measuring the transnational behaviour as well as the other integration. The process of the proposed study will take the time of more than 4 months. Project Plan Expected Research Outcomes The conceivable answer for this lack is to fast track 457 visa applications so that the business can sponsor the skilled workers to fill the available vacancies. Reducing the bureaucracy involved in the process will help the business in the long term. Conclusion Most Australian accompanies are facing issues in hiring skilled staff. Associations are finding it increasingly hard to get the ideal individual for work opportunities, as showed in various reviews. Pulling in more staff to enter the work power and to backing gifted movement ensures that staff shortage does not lead to slow economic growth. I feel that talented relocation is still the best approach if Australia needs to address its staffing deficiencies. References ACCI,. (2007). ADDRESSING AUSTRALIA’S LABOUR SHORTAGES. AUSTRALIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Argent, N., Tonts, M. (2015). 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