Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration

Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration 1. Introduction Significant contribution is done by satellite remote sensing in the field of mineral exploration viz. Geological faults, fractures and mapping, which are associated with the ore deposits based on spectral signature, (Farooq and Govil 2013; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Murphy and Monteiro 2011, Le Yo et al., 2011) the spectral signature helps in the recognizes hydrothermal altered rocks (Sabins, 1999). The multispectral remote sensing exhibits differences in spectral signatures which are insufficient spectral resolution for the hydrothermal altered mineral mapping (Clark, 1999). The Multispectral sensors viz. Landsat TM, ETM+, ASTER image processing helps in iron oxides mapping, the spectral ranges 1.55-1.75 Â µm and 2.08-2.35 Â µm is important for iron mapping (Gupta, 2003). The hyperspectral images provide a higher spectral resolution the the multispectral images (Clark et al., 1990; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Van der Meer 2012). The discovery of new hyperspectral sensor technology in terms of both sensor and technical development has provided the opportunity to revisit previous remote sensing approaches for the mineral exploration as well as for the development of improved methods. Hyperspectral sensors have hundreds of channels, aircraft and satellite platforms which provide unique spectral datasets, and which are helpful in analyzing the surface mineralogy mapping (Goetz et al., 1985; Kruse et al., 2003; Debba et al., 2005, Vaughan et al., 2003). The airborne sensors like AVIRIS, HYDICE and Satellite sensor like Hyperion are used for mapping geology, snow etc. Hyperspectral remote sensing aims at providing the requirements like spectral, spatial and radiometric empower, measuring in terms of range, sampling, response, stability, uniformity, precision and accuracy. With the help of hyperspectral remote sensing we can find different minerals viz iron oxides, micas, chlorites, amphiboles, talc, serpentines, c arbonates, quartz, garnets, pyroxenes, feldspars and sulphates (Eva Papp and Cudahy 2002; Magendran and sanjeevi 2014; Hubbard and Crowley 2005). EO-1 Hyperion is the first Space based hyperspectral sensor, and it was launched on 21 November 2000 (Ungar et al., 2003). The Hyperion image has 30m spatial resolution, 242 channels and 7.7 km swath. The hyperspectral (Hyperion) sensor with 0.4-2.5Â µm spectral range, i.e. visible-near infrared (VNIR) spectrometer (approxmeterly0.4-1.0Â µm) and one short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer (approximately 0.9-2.5Â µm) (EO-1 User guide) in which some minerals and rocks show good absorption and reflectance, due to variation in physicochemical properties, which help in their exploration mapping (Clark et al., 1990; Hunt et al., 1971). The spectral reflectance one can detect and identify the Earth surface and atmospheric constituents to measure the reflected spectra’s component concentration. We can find the distribution of the component and validate by improving models. The processing of Hyperion image is a challenging task as it consists hundreds of channels. The selection of required channels with its good apparent reflection requires good skills. The direct measurements of atmospheric properties are rarely available, and there are some techniques which surmise them from their imprint on hyperspectral radiance data. These properties are used to constrain highly accurate models of atmospheric radiation transfer to produce an estimate of the true surface reflectance. Moreover, atmospheric corrections of this type can be applied on a pixel by pixel basis since each pixel in a hyperspectral image contains an independent measurement of atmospheric water vapor absorption bands. There are different models available viz QUAC, 5S, 6S, ATCOR, ATREAM, HATCH, EFFORT Polishing, FLAASH etc (ITTVis, 2010). FLAASH is a MODTRAN4-based atmospheric correction software package, which provides accurate, physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance, through derivation of atmospheric properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapor column, aerosol and cloud optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperature from hyperspectral imaging data. FLAASH uses the most advanced techniques for handling particular stressing atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of clouds, cirrus and opaque cloud classification map adjustable spectral polishing for artifact suppression. The Hyperion image consists of a huge number of data sets which are supposed to be reduced dimensionally. The techniques like Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform are used to reduce the number of spectral dimensions to be analyzed. The pure pixels are the most spectrally extreme pixels (Broadman et al., 1995), which spectrally correspond to the mixing end members. These end members form the base for the n-Dimensional visualization, and each selected end members are spectrally matched with USGS spectral library. The near visible near infrared image (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral range cover the features of iron bearing minerals, hydroxyl bearing minerals sulphates and carbonates. The iron ores and iron bearing minerals have characteristic spectra in the 850nm to 950 nm wavelength (Magendran and Sanjeevi, 2014). The ferric iron minerals hematite (Fe203) has distinct spectral curves in the visible near-infrared image (VNIR), which is caused by absorptions and induced by crystal field transitions at about 465 nm, 650 nm and 850–950 nm (Townsend, 1987). The paper presents an attempt for mapping iron oxides in Chitradurga Schist belt by using the Hyperion image. The iron distribution mapping is made with the standardized hyperspectral methodologies. An attempt is also made by taking the spectra of iron in-vitro and compared it with the USGS spectral libraryfor mappingiron distribution. The Spectral Angle Mapper Classification (SAM) is an automated method of comparing the image spectra with the individual spectra, or a spectral library (Boardman 1992; Kruse et al 1993). SAM treats both individual spectra, spectral library spectra and calculates as vectors and its spectral angle. Since the SAM algorithm uses the only vector direction and not the vector length. The result of the SAM classification is an image showing the best match at each pixel. This method is typically used for determining the mineralogy and works better in the areas of identical regions. The USGS maintains a large spectral library composed of mineral and soil types, which has image spectra and can be compared directly. 1.1 Study Area and image data The lithology of the Chitradurga schist belt 13036’25’’N and 760 35’49’’E belongs to both Bababudan and Chitradurga Groups. (Figure 1) The Bababudan Group of rocks represented by metabasalt-quartzite formations and NNW trending synclinal Kibbanahalli BIF formation, wrapping around the Chikkanayakanahalli (CN Halli) gneiss and joining the main CN Halli belt near Dodguni (Radhakrishna, 1967; Srinivasan and Sreenivas, 1975; Seshadri et al., 1981; Ramakrishnan and Vaidynadhan, 2008). Chitradurga Group covers most of the CN Halli schist belt, represented by quartz-sericite-chlorite schist, quartzite, carbonates, Mn formations and BIF overlies Bababudan Group (Devaraju and Anantha Murthy, 1976, 1977). EO-1 Hyperion level 1 radiometric (L1R) product having 242 bands covering CN Halli area acquired on 14 April 2011 was used. The image covers the spectral range of 0.4 to 2.5Â µm at 10 nm bandwidth. However, only 155 of them are calibrated from visible-to-infrared (VNIR) and short wave-infrared (SWIR) regions. (Table 1) (EO-1 User Guide, 2003).

Baptism :: essays research papers

Baptism is a religious ritual that some people choose to practice. Baptism is a belief that once done you start a new spiritual life. There ways to perform this ritual, which is considered sacred among the people that follow the religion of Christianity. Baptism has three processes. The first process is preparation. The second process is performing the Baptism. The last process is the conclusion of the baptism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to perform a baptism, you have to prepare. The preacher has to see why the individual wants to commit their self to the Lord. Next, the individual has to inform the preacher why they want to give their self to the lord. Committing yourself to the lord is an important decision. Once the preacher agrees that the individual is true to their self and the Lord, the preacher sets aside a date for which the person shall be baptized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the date is meet, the baptism proceeds. In order for a baptism to happen the individual must have on garments they won’t mind getting wet. Also, the preacher gives the individual white robs as a ceremonial garment ; the white garment must be worm over the person’s clothing. Once the garments are in place, the pastor then performs the baptism ceremony. The pastor first gives the individual a name of a saint, which the name shall be his example and protector. Next, the pastor dips water upon the individual’s head three times. The pastor then anoints the individual on the head, this practice symbolizes true love and peace. The individual then receives a taper to mark that he become a child of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, the conclusion of the baptism is performed. The pastor says a few words of inspiration to the individual or individuals that has been baptized. There is also a celebration to celebrate the rebirth of the newly reformed Christian.

Referring to your Wider Reading Essay

By Comparing Extracts A, B and C and Referring to your Wider Reading, Examine how Typical in both Style and Treatment of Subject Matter these writings are of Literature from or about the First World War The experiences of men and women within the war differed drastically, due to the different roles played by each gender; women lacked knowledge of the trauma undergone by soldiers on the frontline, due to their lack of personal experience. However, there was not only contrast between men and women in their attitudes and view of the war: Depending on the nature of their involvement in the war, attitudes of women were many and varied, as were those of men. Written by Jessie Pope, a writer well-known for the propaganda portrayed by her poetry throughout the war, ‘Who’s for the Game?’ harbours an extremely motivational, patriotic tone. This is due to the fact that Pope was commissioned to write poems that would encourage young men to join up and fight for their country. As such, this poem illustrates Pope’s utilisation of certain literary techniques in order to rouse an arguably ill-founded passion inside young men to fight to defend their country. Pope’s use of rhetorical questions throughout this poem acts as a gripping device, and holds the attention of the reader; ‘Who’s for the game, the biggest that’s played, The red, crashing game of a fight?’ †¦Who’ll give his country a hand?’ As well as demonstrating Pope’s use of rhetorical questions and the patriotism within her poetry, this quote also illustrates her technique of comparing the brutal war to a sport’s ‘game’, which is further supported by her statement; ‘Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ in which sport’s terminology is utilised, in order to enable her target audience, the young men of the time, to relate to what is being said: Sport’s games were popular amongst boys of the early Twentieth Century, and by comparing the war to a such a game, Pope appeals to these boys. The above quote also demonstrates Pope’s technique of challenging the masculinity of the young men, as she implies that those who don’t fight are cowards, again this is further developed by the statement; ‘Who would much rather come back on a crutch Than lie low and be out of the fun?’ As she was ignorant of the brutality of the reality of war, Pope’s idealisation of, and her naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, patriotic approach to the war enraged many of those who were actively involved in the fighting. World War One poet, Wilfred Owen, particularly despised Pope for her habit of romanticising the aspects of war that she was ignorant of. He was in fact so passionate about his dislike for her that he directly addresses her, in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, when he states, ‘If you could hear†¦the blood Come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs†¦ My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori’. Expressing a similar attitude to that of Pope, Marian Allen glorifies the war in her poem, ‘The Wind on the Downs’, in which she speaks of her inability to accept the death of a loved one. In support of this subject matter, a disbelieving, longing tone is conveyed, with a sense of naivety also conveyed by Pope in ‘Who’s for the Game’. This naivety is present due to the lack of personal experience that these two writers have had of the brutal reality of the First World War. As Pope remained on the home front in order to write poetry for the newspapers, Allen was typical of many more women at the time of the war; she remained at home whilst her lover went to fight in the war, and consequently she had view of war that was such due to the propaganda portrayed by the media and writers such as Pope. Allen’s use of soft and endearing language develops this idea of Allen as a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve writer in terms of the War, as her failure to accept her lover’s death is symbolic of her genuine ignorance to the nature of his death, and in fact life, whilst serving. The repetition of this denial towards her loss reinforces this point; ‘You have not died, it is not true†¦ That you are round about me, I believe†¦ How should you leave me, having loved me so?†¦ It seemed impossible that you should die’. That we’re introduced to the concept of his death through her line, ‘Because they tell me, dear, that you are dead,’ carries with it an air of denial, due to her expression that she was told, and not that she actually believes it herself. The line would be much less effective had it said ‘Because you are dead’. Allen’s idealisation of her lover and his life in, and out of the war, may be due to the manner in which she received the news of his death, and how little of the truth she was told. This is a subject directly addressed by Siegfried Sassoon in ‘The Hero’, as he speaks of the ‘gallant lies’ an officer had delivered to the mother of a soldier who had actually died a horrific death. It is portrayed by Allen that her and her lover ‘thought of many things and spoke of few’ when he returned home on leave, thereby conveying that he found it difficult to speak of the truth to her. This seeming feeling of not being able to confide in anyone one the home front was common amongst soldiers in the First World War. R.C Sherriff demonstrates it in his play ‘Journey’s End’ through Stanhope’s reluctance to take leave, and Susan Hill illustrates it through Hilliard’s emotional isolation from his family in ‘Strange Meeting’, as he cannot even speak to his sister of the ‘nightmares’ he encounters whilst at home on leave. Had Allen known the honest nature of her lover’s death, and life at war, she may have expressed a different view through this poem. Vera Brittain did gain an insight into the reality of what life must have been like for the men at war, through receiving her dead fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s uniform via post. The refined view she adopted of the war was aided by the condition of the uniform; ‘damp and worn and simply caked with mud’, exhibiting the ‘hole’ made by the bullet that killed him. These quotes are taken from Extract C, an extract from ‘Letters from a Lost Generation’. In this particular letter, Brittain is writing to her brother about the terrible ordeal of examining the uniform, an experience that proved to be somewhat revelatory for Brittain, as it was this following the loss of her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that spurred her to join up and become a V.A.D. Brittain composed this letter in 1916, which was a pivotal year within the war; a year in which many attitudes of those who previously supported the war were manipulated by its seeming newfound futility. Owen expresses in ‘Futility’, ‘Was it for this the clay grew tall?’ which strongly conveys his view that the war became superfluous, and that the Earth did not develop to be destroyed in such a brutal, futile way. Siegfried Sassoon also made a famous declaration stating his opposition to the continuation of the War in 1917, as a result of events in 1916, such as the infamous ‘Battle of the Somme’. This declaration, and therefore Sassoon’s change of view towards the war is a component of Pat Barker’s ‘Regeneration’. The form of a letter allows Brittain to utilise several literary techniques, such as varying sentence lengths and use of the five senses to create impact. Effective examples of blunt sentences used by Brittain are, ‘It was terrible’ And ‘No, they were not him’. These two statements demonstrate how Brittain made use of short sentences in order to reflect the blunt, direct nature in which her realisation of the reality of war hit her. In contrast to these short sentences, Brittain displays many complex sentences in order to convey a vivid image of the scene of the uniform before her; ‘The mud of France which covered them was not ordinary mud; it had not the usual clean, pure smell of earth, but it was as though it were saturated with dead bodies- dead that had been dead a long, long time.’ This sentence illustrates Brittain’s use of powerful adjectives, such as ‘saturated’, to strengthen her intended effect, and her application of the repletion of ‘long’, and ‘dead’, in order to emphasise certain factors of what she is conveying. Varying sentence lengths is not a facet of either Allen’s ‘The Wind on the Downs’ or Pope’s ‘Who’s for the Game’. This is due to these extracts taking the forms of poems, which makes it difficult for such a technique to be applied. However, Pope manages to exploit her chosen form of a poem in order to aid her purpose. She imposes a strong marching rhythm, which is supported by the typical ABAB rhyme scheme, thereby giving her poem a sense of soldiers marching to war, which can be perceived by the young men reading it. Similarly, Allen makes use of a regular rhyme scheme in order to give her poem fluidity and enhance the idealised depiction of death, which inevitably highlights Allen’s ignorance to the truth of conditions at war. Pope employs simple language and colloquialisms in her poem, due to its form and audience: As it appeared in a national newspaper, the audience was broad, and so the use of simple language meant the poem would appeal to everyone. The colloquialisms, such as ‘lie low’ ‘†¦give his country a hand’ illustrate Pope’s ability to relate to her intended audience, as boys of the time would find this language common and therefore easy to relate to. The patriotism conveyed by Pope is also illustrated through the latter of the two colloquialisms above. This patriotic attitude was shared by Rupert Brooke, as is conveyed through his poem, ‘The Soldier’ when he writes; ‘A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam’ Brooke died of dysentery before carrying out any active service in the war, and therefore, he too was ignorant of the true conditions of life in the trenches. Thus, his poetry often illustrated naivety and patriotism, similar to others, like Pope and Allen, who were ignorant of the brutal reality of war. Through comparing these three texts we can consequently deduce that although one would assume women to have adopted a romantic view towards the act of fighting for one’s country due to their lack of active involvement in the war, there were actually a range of views produced amongst women as a result of the first world war, expressed through their various pieces of literature.

Just Mercy By Bryan Stevenson - 2043 Words

The start of the book, Just Mercy, grabbed me pretty quick, but I was thinking â€Å"why are we reading a book about a lost soul who is going to spend his time with people who are sentenced to die for the horrible crimes they committed?† I soon started to realize the true story was much more than that and I would read a story about right and wrong and receive a message about the goodness and mercy of humans towards each other. The story is told by Bryan Stevenson, the author and a graduate of Harvard Law, who was looking for something bigger to do in his life when he was a freshman in law school. He found it during an internship in Georgia at the Southern Prisoners Defense Committee or SPDC, an organization that fought for the basic rights of†¦show more content†¦Stevenson also writes about teenagers, including Charlie, who are sentenced to life as adults and serve in horrible conditions. Charlie was 14 and tried as an adult for capital murder, and the man he killed h ad just beaten Charlie’s mother unconscious. The case of Charlie introduces Stevenson to mercy in the fact that an elderly white couple hears Stevenson speak at church and they want to help Charlie by paying for his GED and college education. The story of misrepresented and unfairly judged people continues and so does the story of Walter McMillan. The continued evolution of evidence and the overwhelming number of witnesses who provide McMillan with an iron clad alibi make you wonder how on earth he could have ever been found guilty and in the end, with tremendous effort and support from Stevenson and his team, McMillan is released and the DA drops all charges against him. The question I kept asking is how many men and women are in jail today because of bias and poor representation? Bryan Stevenson’s story is inspiring and it should challenge us to get closer to difficult subjects before we cast judgment. The first connection I made to lecture and the text book came ear ly in Just Mercy when Stevenson told about his background an upbringing. Stevenson described southern coastal Delaware, a place you think of as a vacation destination on the Atlantic coast, based on his experience growing up.Show MoreRelatedJust Mercy By Stevenson Bryan Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesJust Mercy was written in 2014 by Stevenson Bryan. This story takes place in Montgomery Alabama. This story is about the broken system of justice. How people are judged unfairly even in the supreme Court. Bryan Stevenson primarily focuses on death penalty cases and juveniles sentenced to life or death. He provides relief for those incarcerated also, he understands the need to fix this criminal justice system by focusing on poverty, and racial disparities. Stevenson chooses cases that did not receiveRead MoreBryan Stevenson : Just Mercy1453 Words   |  6 Pages Bryan Stevenson: Just Mercy Maya Pimentel Middle College High School Intro Many are put onto death row without actually having a fighting chance to plead their case, provide the full story, and prove their innocence. Bryan Stevenson is a lawyer who fights for those who have been left for dead and aren’t given a second chance. Bryan Stevenson is a social justice activist, the founder and executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative, and a clinical professorRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel, Just Mercy, by Bryan Stevenson covers many aspects of the legal system, including Stevenson’s quest to get prisoners who were convicted as adolescents out of adult prison. Through Stevenson’s experiences, he sees first hand experience of children that are sent to adult prisons. Specifically he saw how the prisoners who were convicted as children revert to a very low mental state and often have a great deal of trouble readjusting if they are even remotely capable of doing so. One of theseRead MoreJust Mer cy By Bryan Stevenson993 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Just mercy† written by Bryan Stevenson is a story about â€Å"justice and redemption†(title). Bryan Stevenson tells the story about Walter McMillian a convicted murder. McMillian was unjustly charged for the murder of Ronda Morrison by Ralph Myers even though there was clear evidence that McMillian did not commit this murder. McMillian’s story proves the inequities in the American justice system, and Stevenson proves the faults in the system by telling McMillian’s story. â€Å"Proximity has taught me someRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1654 Words   |  7 PagesChildren Are Not Adults The novel, Just Mercy, by Bryan Stevenson covers many aspects of the legal system, including Stevenson’s quest to get prisoners who were convicted as adolescents out of adult prison. Later, Stevenson sees how the prisoners who were convicted as children revert to a very low mental state and often have a great deal of trouble readjusting if they are even remotely capable of doing so. Children should never be pushed into adult prisons or receive adult punishments because ofRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1633 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, Just Mercy, by Bryan Stevenson, Stevenson explains his quest to get prisoners, who were originally convicted when they were adolescents, out of adult prison. Later, Stevenson sees how the prisoners who were convicted as children revert to a very low mental state and often have a great deal of trouble readjusting if they are even remotely capable of doing so. That is why children should never be pushed into adult prisons or receive a dult punishments because of their lack of brain developmentRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1519 Words   |  7 Pages Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy, is a lawyer from the rural south that advocates for mostly children on death row. He spends most of his time in low income communities with next to no hope. His TED talk was based on his experiences in these communities, his career, and his knowledge regarding minorities while addressing his predominately financially stable, White audience. Trying to persuade an audience that is not effected by what you are trying to speak against is hard, however, Bryan StevensonRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson1963 Words   |  8 Pagesconsidered lives at all? Bryan Stevenson aims to answer that in his book Just Mercy. In it, he explores the American justice system and its systemic prejudice, whether it’s based on race, income, or gender. Stevenson is a lawyer who founded the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), an Alabama-based nonprofit that aims to defend those who have been unfairly represented or unjustly imprisoned, and Just Mercy is a compilation of some of the cases he encountered during his time. Just Mercy is a collection of redemptionRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson903 Words   |  4 Pages In his memoir Just Mercy, Bryan Stevenson recounts the stories of several clients whose mental illness was ignored during their trial. Some had intellectual disabilities, others were dealing with the aftermath of severe trauma, but each one was changed in some way. Whether their reasoning had been altered or they simply did not understand what was happening, any crime they committed was closely tied to their mental state. Logically, a major detail like the defendant’s thought process and motivationRead MoreJust Mercy By Bryan Stevenson Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book â€Å"Just Mercy† by Bryan Stevenson, the author is a lawyer and founder of the Equal Injustice Initiative who helps and defends those that are in desperate needs. Stevenson tells different stories of different cases that he had through the course of his professional career. One of the most heartbreaking stories that Stevenson shares on his books is about a boy named Charlie. Charlie is a fourt een years old who murdered his stepfather because he was abusive with his mom and left her unconscious

BSBLED401A SECTION 3 Answer - 867 Words

SECTION 3: MONITOR AND EVALUATE WORKPLACE LEARNING Top of Form Activity 10 1. The operations manager for Weiss Enterprises is planning to send all employees across the nine different stores to a two day course on customer service. The aim is to develop a customer centric culture across the organisation as well as provide instruction on exactly how to interact successfully with customers. How can the operations manager ensure that they gather feedback to measure the effectiveness of the training at all four of Kirkpatrick’s levels to improve future learning programs? Propose some tools and techniques that could be used. Upload your answer for assessment. Optimum file size should be less than 7MB 2. Comment on the retrospect methodology of†¦show more content†¦You would need to discuss with the staff member their own goals and how they relate to the organizational goals. You would need to address this course and how they believe it can directly contribute to their personal goals and the organizational goals. Possibly a compromise could be reached where if the course is irrelevant then the time allocated for the course could be

Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 534 Words

I think its important for us as a society to remember that the youth within juvenile justice systems are, most of the time, youths who simply havent had the right mentors and supporters around them - because of circumstances beyond their control. -- Qorianka Kilcher -- Websters New Collegiate Dictionary (1980) defines adolescence as the state or process of growing up; even more specifically, adolescence is also defined as the period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority. Looking back on their adolescence, adults often conjure up grand memories, and laugh at their mistakes. Adolescence is a period in life that everyone must survive in order to become an adult, although some go†¦show more content†¦Juvenile Delinquency is defined by Websters as a status in a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and therefore subject to legal action as well as a violation of the law committed by a juvenile and not punishable by death or life imprisonment. In short, juvenile delinquency involves any criminal behavior committed by a minor. There is no question that there has been an increase in delinquent behavior since the days of our parents adolescence. Activities such as rolling neighbors houses, egging mailboxes/windows, or graffiti on park benches has been replaced by more serious activities such as spray painting buildings, breaking and entering, or even early drug use. Todays juveniles do not seem to fear, or even respect authority as previous generations have. Lack of discipline in the home and a much more tolerant society is not help to a steadily increasing juvenile delinquency rate. An unstable home environment can draw teenagers to join gangs or engage in premarital sex, to name just a couple of acting out behaviors. Children need to be taught at an early age not only the difference between right and wrong, but also the positive results attained from practicing respect and moral values. If parental guidance fails, or if an adolescent veers too far off the path, then usually outside forces will step in to the situation. Parens Patriae is literally defined asShow MoreRelated Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI couldnt begin to cover all the possible reasons that may cause an adolescent to become a juvenile delinquent. During my research, I found that the term juvenile delinquency is defined a number of ways. Mosbys Medical Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary summed up juvenile delinquency best with this definition; resistant antisocial, illegal, or criminal behavior by children or adolescents to the degree that it cannot be controlled or corrected by the parents, endangers others inRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Social Control Theory940 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile delinquency is very prevalent especially among adolescents because studies have shown that during the time of adolescence that is when delinquency tends to increase and once adolescence has passed at about 17 years of age then it tends to decrease (Adolescent Delinquency, 2002). There are many factors that can contribute to the increase of delinquency during adolescence, some of the factors can be personality, mental disorders, genetics, economic status, environment, family, and cultureRead MoreThe Relationship Between Social Class and Delinquency Essays1498 Words   |  6 Pagespreconceived notions regarding the relationship between social class and delinquency. A common assumption is that lower-class juveniles are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than their higher-class counterparts. Criminologists have performed a la rge number of studies examining the socio-demographic characteristics of delinquents, which often yielded contradictory results. When analyzing the extent and trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States conclusions can be drawn from estimates derivedRead MoreThe General Strain Theory Of Female Delinquency1253 Words   |  6 Pagestheories. A major theory used to explain female delinquency is the general strain theory (GST). According to Bartollas, â€Å"GST explains female delinquency by contending that many females experience harsh discipline, parental rejection, peer abuse, negative secondary school experience, homelessness, and a strong need for money;† these strains can cause females to cope through delinquent behavior (73). The social learning theory also explains female delinquency as â€Å"some females tend to associate with othersRead MoreThe Concept Of Labeling Of Juvenile Delinquents By Members Of Their Society1733 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 5 DB 1 The Interactionist Approach We are beginning to see more than often, labeling of juvenile delinquents by members of their society. The term labeling theory explains how labeling tends to applied members of society, whether it is formally or informally, and the type of effect these labeling can have on juveniles and deterrence. Akers Sellers, (2009), Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, (2010), states that the labeling theorists assert that society creates deviance by creating laws, and theyRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Of Juvenile Delinquency988 Words   |  4 PagesKnowing this, what environmental factors cause juvenile delinquency? â€Å"Each year, approximately 1.5 million adolescents are arrested in the United States, most are repeat offenders, and, in 2008 one in eight violent crimes was attributed to juveniles† (Leverso, Bielby, Hoelter, 2015, p 1). Understanding the environmental causes of juvenile delinquency allows society to better protect children from becoming offenders. This then can reduce the n umber of juvenile delinquents in the United States. Key wordsRead MoreDistinguishing Between Some Criminological Terms894 Words   |  4 PagesDistinguishing Criminological Terms Juvenile delinquency refers specifically to the criminal activity of youth. Juvenile delinquency includes committing crimes and participation in other forms of illegal activities. Across the world, the existing legal systems have different sets of punishments and penalties for juvenile delinquency versus being tried as an adult. (Loeber, 1990) In many countries, the age when individuals are no longer classified as juveniles as may be tried for crimes as adultsRead MoreReducing The Rate Of Reoccurring Offenses For Juvenile Offenders731 Words   |  3 Pagesrate of reoccurring offenses for juvenile offenders is directly related to understanding the factors that increase the recidivism rates for this age group: the origins of the offenders, the behavior problems and causes, the adjudication process, and the type of offense committed. Aalsma, M., White, L., Lau, K., Perkins, A., Monahan, P., Grisso, T. (2015). Behavioral Health Care Needs, Detention-Based Care, and Criminal Recidivism at Community Reentry From Juvenile Detention: A Multisite SurvivalRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency1154 Words   |  5 PagesA traumatic childhood may predispose a child to violence against themselves or against others, in adolescence or adulthood. This information is and has been off the records, but so far no known relationship between the magnitude of traumatic experiences and different forms of violence at puberty. A study published in Pediatrics, which involved 136,549 U.S. students between 12 and 17 has been commissioned to evaluate this relationship. The researchers sought to determine six adverse experiences forRead MoreBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is little structure pro vided for them in their families. Children who are rejected by their parents, who grow up in homes with considerable conflict, or who are inadequately supervised are at the greatest risk of becoming delinquent. Literature reviews, focused on the relationship between child abuse and juvenile delinquency, indicate that juvenile delinquents are often products

Iraqi Organizational Culture

Question: Write an essay on Organizational Culture In Iraqi Kurdustan? Answer: 1. Introduction The Iraqi Kurdistan also known as the Southern Kurdistan is the autonomous region of Iraq and it borders the Kurdish regions of Iran. The regional capital of Iraqi Kurdistan is Erbil and democratic government known as the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) governs the region. The mixture within the work culture of the private organizations in Kurdistan and the difference between the culture of government bodies and private organizations makes it inevitable to evaluate the present norms of organizational culture of Kurdistan. According to Toma organizational culture is the behavior that the employees exhibit for each other within the organization and the meaning that internal and external employees attach to those behaviors. Performance enhancement and overall growth of the organization depends upon the employee performance within the organization. Thus, there exists a co relation between performance growth and organizational culture. Sjoberg suggested that key to a good organization performance is the strong cultural base of the organization. Sparrow thus suggested that a strong and positive organizational culture can make an average individual perform brilliantly and motivate an underperformer to perform better. Thus, keeping in mind the political turmoil and the political problems of the residents of Iraq Kurdistan, it is essential that congenial organizational culture should be present in the new organizations of Iraq Kurdistan so that the country can become developed like UK and USA. The assignment here focuses primarily on the influence and types of organizational cultures that are present within different organizations irrespective of their countries. Finally, the assignment will highlight the present organizational culture of Iraqi Kurdistan with the help of relevant academic concepts. 2. Concept of organizational culture According to Khodr and Zirar organizational culture represents the combined values, principles and attitudes of the people within the organization. Ismail and Jaafar stated that an organization is made up of employees from different cultural, social and religious background. Therefore, these employees have their own rooted cultures and beliefs. Thus in order to avoid any congenial environment within the organization and to avoid conflict of interest it is necessary to maintain one common organizational culture. Further Cooper, Johnson and Holdsworth stated that at present organizational culture includes the types of leadership style followed within the organization, the type of communication language and symbols used between the employees, the work procedures and the work routines and the types of performance measurement techniques used by the leaders to measure the success of the employees and the organization (Kandogan) Recent research shows that companies with strong organizational culture and effective leadership styles generally tend to have better financial performance and effective growth. However, the cultural characteristics of the organization should align with the objectives and the services of the organization. For instance, a software development company or a social media company like Google Inc should not adopt bureaucratic organizational style and a government concern should not adopt adhocracy culture. In majority of the situations, it has been seen that the organizations adopt reengineering methods, changes in pricing strategies, recruitment and selection and downsizing methods in order to derive long-term gains, however Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur stated that only adoption of a suitable organizational culture would be able to solve the problems of the organizations. 3. Types of organizational culture In 1999, Cameron and Quinn developed an organizational culture framework known as the Competing Values Framework. This model was effectively used for analyzing the corporate culture. The framework has two major dimensions for evaluation of the organizational culture. These two dimensions are the horizontal dimension (In/Out) and vertical dimension (Stability / Flexibility). Sanni and Reilly stated that the horizontal dimension in this framework measures the level to which the organization focuses on internal and external focus. On the contrary, the vertical dimension measures the flexibility and the stability level within the organization. Depending on the two major dimensions the four major types of organizational cultures were identified namely the clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market. The following figure shows the ideal model of the Competing values Framework. Figure 1: Competing Values Framework (Source: Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis) The discussion over the different concepts of the model will help to understand the major types of organizational culture and the implications of these cultures over the performance levels of the organizations. 3.1 Cultural dimensions Horizontal: In/Out The horizontal dimension shows the degree to which a particular organization will focus internally or externally. The organization in the left side of the above diagram focuses on the internal activities within the organization and the organizations on the right side of the diagram focuses on the external parties like customers, suppliers and external stakeholders. This dimension focuses on the unity, integration and internal activities of the organization. Vertical: Stability/ Flexibility The vertical dimension focuses on decision-making ability of the organizations. Omer and Friis stated that the decisions within an organization could either be taken by only the upper level management of the company or depending on the changing business scenarios, the employees can also take some of the vital organizational decisions. Thus keeping the situations in mind, the vertical dimension shows two different levels of decision-making. The upper end of the diagram shows flexibility and discretion, which denotes that in the organizations in this dimension; the business decisions are taken by employees in majority of the situations in order to suit the changing needs. On the contrary the lower end of the diagram shows the stability and control which denotes that the organizations in this segment depends on the managers for their decisions. Four types of culture The four types of organizational culture depending on the two different dimensions are presented below: Clan This type of organizational culture is characterized by high degree of flexibility and discretion rather than relying completely on stability and control leadership style (Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur). The horizontal dimension of this type of organizational culture suggest that the these types of organizations are primarily focused on the internal activities rather than focusing on the external parties. Thus in these types of organizations free and flexible corporate culture is present. The employees are not bound by strict corporate rules rather they have the freedom to decide and design their functions. Sanni and Reilly stated that employees in these organizations are motivated by shared goals and shared visions. The organizational structures of these types of organizations are flat. There is a sense of unity among the people working in these organizations and they work together like a family. The employees of Clan organizational culture tend to be honest, motivated, and skillful and have the ability of making situational decisions that would suit to the changing needs of the business. The leadership style adopted in clan organizations are either parental leadership or situational leadership style. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur commented that the clan leaders are generally supportive in nature and guides the employees in every changing situation and takes the decisions of the employees as important for the business functions. However, Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis argued that in a clan organizational culture, the focus of the leaders and the employees are primarily on the internal well being of the employees and achievement of the shared goals within the organization. These types of organization do not focus on the well-being of the external parties like the customers and the suppliers and they do not have any fixed set of rules for dealing with the external parties. Omer and Friis commented that however, majority of the organization and the external parties like the customers prefers clan organizational culture because it is a friendly organizational culture. The clan leaders are generally sensitive to the customers and the stakeholders. Some of the Japanese firms were seen to adopt this culture after the completion of World war II. Adhocracy These types of organizational cultures are characterized by higher degree of freedom and flexibility. The business functions of these types of organizations involve creative and dynamic decisions making ability. Thus, the employees of these organizations are always ready to take risks, accept the changes readily, and implement the same in their business functions (Kummerow and Kirby). For instance, the organizations dealing in software development, consultancy services, entertainment industry and creative industry are the common organizations that undertake adhocracy as their organizational culture. However, in contrast to clan, adhocracy concentrates on external positioning of the organizations services along with the high degree of flexibility. The major mottos of these types of organizations are to create a unique strategy and unique vision and use their own creativity to stand out within the crowd. Thus, Khodr and Zirar stated that the employees in these organizations are highly committed to experimentation and innovation is constantly devising ways to improve their present skills. It is also seen that these organizations always provides sufficient training facilities to the employees so that their skills may be enhanced and they may develop their knowledge, become highly independent, and take their own decisions. Thus, it may be concluded that the organizations using this culture often becomes the market leader in the product or service in which the company is dealing. Hierarchy This is a traditional approach and traditional culture followed in majority of the organizations. The organizations using this culture generally perform duties under a strict chain of command. In the past years before the advent of the new organizational cultures, hierarchy was considered to be the major organizational culture and use of bureaucracy was prevalent within the organizations. Thus, McLeod stated that an organization adopting this culture generally focuses on respecting of the command chain and rules that are being set within the organization. The major characteristics of this organizational culture are formal and structured organizations that are governed by the rules of the senior level management of the organization. These organizations have high internal focus and believe in maintaining stability with the help of controlling activities. The employees in these organizations depend upon the leaders and the senior level managers in terms of any functions and decision-mak ing. McLeod stated that in governmental organizations and large US agencies this type of organizational culture can be seen. The employees in this organization can deliver projects timely because of the high degree of rules and command present within the organization. Sanni and Reilly commented that since the government organizations and the retail chains do not require any innovation of creative ideas within their business segment, hence this type of organizational culture is suitable for them. Adoption of this organizational culture ensures low cost, dependable product and service delivery and smooth scheduling of the work pressure. Kandogan further stated that hierarchy cultural organization have employees who give due respect to the positions and power within the organization. The leadership styles adopted by the hierarchical leaders are generally transactional leadership style. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur commented that the leaders in this corporate culture are generally co coord inators and organizers who keep close eye on the business situations. Market In this type of organizational culture, the management of the company focuses on control and stability however, the major focus of the management is over the external control polices. Ybema, Yanow and Sabelis stated that a market organization is the type of organization, which is focused on the internal and external transactions in terms of market. Thus the transactions, which are exchanges of values, flow smoothly between the internal and the external parties within the organization under the high degree of control and stability in decision- making. The organizations adopting the market culture are highly result-oriented. They establish a vision and a mission, which will enable the organization to reach the desired vision. Thus. The competitive and goal oriented nature of these organizations help them to succeed in the long run. For achievement of the desired visions and goal, the management of these organizations generally prefer high degree of control and stability within the inte rnal activities of the company. Lahafian the employees of these organizations have the same features like the hierarchical culture, however the employees are generally more focused on the goals and take the help of the leaders and the senior manager is reaching the desired levels. Thus, adoption of this culture helps in doing the things in a right manner. However, in this type of organizational culture, the manager will have to adopt the financial and non-financial motivational strategies and thus it may seem costly for the organization. Further Kummerow and Kirby stated that since the employees on these organizations are goal oriented hence if the goals and the targets are not defined properly and if there is a lack of cooperation among the employees then the achievement of the objectives is not possible. 3.2 Comparison between the four types of organizational cultures On comparing the four major organizational cultures, it has been seen that Clan and market culture types are highly similar to each other and adhocracy and hierarchy cultures shows high degree of differences within the organizational context. Sanni and Reilly highlights that clan cultures have high morale employees and the employees are satisfied with their positions and present state of business. On the contrary, adhocracy cultures are externally focused and hence the internal satisfaction levels of the employees remain unattended. In order to cater to the external needs the adhocracy culture believes in quick formation of teams and abandoned the team as soon as the goal has been achieved. Hence, internal bonding between the employees is absent. Hierarchy cultures have internal focus similar to that of the clan culture but also emphasizes over the centralized management control. Kandogan stated that the hierarchies give importance to the right way of doing things thus it stresses on the adoption of policies, procedures and rules. The major disadvantage of these organizations is there in ability of coping with the unique and changing business operations. The employees of these organizations are generally not given any training to make their own decisions or are not trained in management of changing or creative diverse situations, thus the employees can effectively respond to the regular business operations but cannot solve complex business problems. The following table summarizes the major features of the four types of organizational culture highlighting the major differences between the cultures. Points of differences Clan culture Adhocracy culture Hierarchy culture Market culture Nature of the culture Friendly Dynamic Formal and structured, procedure oriented Goal oriented Risks involved Medium degree of risks involved High degree of risks involved No risks involved High degree of risks involved functions Sensitive to customers and internal flexibility Unique and new products and services Dependable service delivery, smooth work schedule and low organizational costs Focus on goal achievement, increment of the market share and market penetration in terms of products and services. Leadership style Situational leadership, uniqueness within the employees, teamwork skills, consent of the employees valued Parental and situational leadership style, individual creativity and independent decision making ability, freedom of work, commitment to innovation and experimentation Bureaucratic leadership style, maintaining of stability, predictability and efficiency levels, Consistency and uniformity High motivation, good performances are highly valued, competitive in nature, winning motivation within the employees Examples of company adopting this culture Zappos Faceook McDonalds General Electrics Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur opined that leadership styles adopted within an organization also depends on the type of culture prevailing in the organization. Leaders can enhance their personal skills and success by acting appropriately with the changing culture of the organization. For instance, leaders in an adhocracy culture should encourage innovation, creativity and generation of new ideas. Thus in order to encourage these qualities the leaders in adhocracy culture needs to be visionary and highly future-oriented. The leaders of the clan culture should encourage continuous sense of improvements within the employees and not guide them effectively so that they can become independent and take their own situational decisions. Moreover, Omer and Friis commented that clan leaders should also possess effective team building skills since the major focus of the clan culture is on the development of the internal skills within the organization. The leaders in this culture thus encourages effec tive relationships between the employees mentor the employees so that they can develop congenial working environment(Lahafian). Jimenez and Kabachnik pointed out that the leaders in the hierarchical culture are generally good organizers and monitors. Here lies the major difference between adhocracy and hierarchy. The adhocracy leaders are mentors and the hierarchy leaders are monitors. In hierarchical monitor ship, a leader organize the situations of the business and provides directions to the employees on how to achieve the services. These leaders can effectively help the employees to understand the job requirements and the job roles. However, in case of change management occurring within these organizations, the leaders and the employees both become inefficient. Finally, the market leaders are the most highly trained and focused leaders among the four types of leaders. They help in maintaining control and stability by setting rules and train the employees to be independent if situation demands. These leaders are highly goal focused and designs the strategies and leadership styles depending upon the fulfillm ent of the goals. Phelps stated that the major aim of these organizations are to become better than their competitors and in order to do so they train, motivate, inspire, celebrate and place relentless emphasis on customer needs and employee satisfaction levels (Lahafian). 4. Background of organizational development in Iraqi Kurdistan After the fall of Saddam Hussein and the Baathist ruling regime in 2003, economic opportunities in Iraq began to flourish thereby attracting foreign investors and new business operations in Iraq. Pechey and Halligan stated that the Kurdish region of Iraq has been able to attract the highest amount of foreign investment due to its political stability and good infrastructure. Although the KRG formulates the legislations for the companies in Kurdish region, however the autonomy within the working regulations has helped in organizational development of the region. Currently Cooper, Johnson and Holdsworth stated that around 2000 foreign companies are working in the Kurdish region. The advent of the western organizations has given rise to large number of expatriates and foreign business people within the Southern areas of Kurdistan. Most of these expatriates and foreign client working for the organizations in Iraq are generally based in Dubai, visit Kurdistan, take accommodations in safe a nd secure company campuses for a week, and return to Dubai. Thus, the frequent visits of the foreign clients have given rise to a mixed organizational culture within Kurdistan. Apart from the private sector organizations, the various government-controlled organizations are also present in Kurdistan namely the Kurdistan Democratic party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Socialist party of Kurdistan and the Iraqi Communist Party. However, the organizational development in Iraq Kurdistan is hampered due to some of the common challenges like section of effective talent, huge amount of brain drain during the wars, lack of effective training and developmental facilities, low developed educational system, insufficient learning style and ineffective leadership strategies(Lahafian). 5. Current organizational culture of government organizations of Iraqi Kurdistan In 2013, World Bank ranked Iraq 165 out of 185 countries as per their ranking of organizational business culture suggesting that Iraq is a considerably easy country of doing business. In terms of corruption Iraq was ranked 169 out of 172 as per the Corruption Perception Index. Majority of the organizations in Kurdistan generally speaks Indo European language that is neither related to Arabic nor related to Turkish language. Thus, Khodr and Zirar suggested that the organizational development in Iraq faces certain types of difficulties. The employees from other nationalities are not able to understand the native language of Kurdistan. The societal culture of Kurdistan is essentially different from that of the developed countries. Kurdish people are minority in position hence their level of freedom and independe3nce are also limited. The society of Iraqi Kurdish develops a communal culture, which suggests that the person of the Kurdish region primarily takes interest in the community a ctivities. Jimenez and Kabachnik) hence suggested that any disagreements between the Kurdish people might give reason to exclusion of the individual from the Kurdish community (Malik). Majority of the organizations in Kurdistan are government organization. Apart from the Kurdish government other political parties are also present that regulates the services of the organizations in Iraqi Kurdistan. The huge number of wars and the large amount of brain drain has resulted in lack of creative thinking options in Iraq. Denton-Borhaug opined that hierarchical organizational culture is seen within the private as well as the public sector organizations of Kurdistan. As per the Hofstedes cultural dimension rules, existence of high degree of power distance results in high level of hierarchical organizational culture in a particular country. In majority of the organizations, high degree of hierarchical culture can be seen. Especially in case of the political and the government organization in Kurdistan centralization is a popular chain of command. The junior level employee of the government organizations in Iraq perform according to the instructions of the senior level manage ment. The instructions of the senior level management are in turn influenced by the decisions and the rules of the ruling parties in the country (Haidari). Thus, the major characteristics of the government organization in Iraqi Kurdistan are high degree of employee loyalty, quick delivery of products and services and low level of training for the employees. Further, the organizations in Iraq are characterized by collectivist societies rather than individualistic society. According to Brewer and Venaik an individualistic society is the one where the person in supposed to look after their own family and themselves without any intervention in any other families. However, the communal culture of the Iraqi Kurdistan shows that they are not individualistic, rather they are highly collectivists and they focus on helping and co coordinating with each other in order to attain and solve problems. The employees in the organizations also exhibit collectivist culture. They help each other in fulfillment of their duties. Every employee in the organization takes responsibility of the fellow members. Grnnow stated that in collectivist societies offence on the part of an employee in the organization would lead to cause shame and loss of dignity of the senior level managers who are given the responsibility of guiding and training the employees. Further, the employer-employee relations are perceived in terms of moral terms. Hiring and promotional activities in the organizations takes place based on the seniority and experience of the employees and not based on the creativity of productivity of the employees (Lahafian). As per the Hofstedes cultural dimension score, the government organizations in Iraq have recorded the following scores Power distance: 95 Individualism: 30 Masculinity: 70 Uncertainty avoidance: 85 Long-term orientation: 25 Indulgence: 22 This scores shows that Kurdistan organizations recorded high degree of power distance, which arises from the presence of the hierarchical organizational culture. Karim, Khanaqa and Shukur argued that the presence of the hierarchical culture suggests that the employees within the organization already know their positions in the company and are not expected to show productivity or make any free decisions with respect to any other product or service of the organization that is not related to the position of the employee. Draskovic however pointed that the low score on individualism is a positive indicator. This shows that the Kurdistan organizations show case high degree of collectivism which is opposite to individualism. High degree of collectivism suggests that the employees will get due support of their seniors and their peers while any job performance. However, the organizational heads will also treat any mistakes done by the employees very seriously because that will affect their r eputation. The masculinity score is high suggesting that the organizational structures are mainly composed of majority of the male employees. However, Bell added that it is not an uncommon feature in Iraqi society. The Kurdistan population is majorly consisted of Muslim either form Iraq or from different parts of Arab and Dubai. It is a common culture in Muslim societies to prohibit their female counterparts from seeking employment opportunities. Omer and Friis stated that the main characteristics of the masculinity organizations in Kurdistan are the hard working nature of the employees. Due to high degree of political turmoil in that country, the employees generally adopts highly decisive and assertive nature and give emphasis on equity, competition and performance in order to grow the organizations quickly and match the organizations of the developed countries like UK and USA. The level of uncertainty avoidance is high. Wang and Liu commented that uncertainty avoidance is the way that the society deals with the fact future in uncertain and it is difficult to know the future. This score is high in this case thus it suggests that the organizations of Kurdistan maintain rigid rule and regulations and are not in favor of creativity, change and innovation because the employees and the management of the organizations fear for uncertain conditions are relatively very high. Pechey and Halligan stated that high uncertainty avoidance makes the leaders and the managers within the organizations narrow minded and focused only on the rules and regulations of the organization. In these types of organizational culture, there is an emotional need for rules although if the rules are not sufficient still the employees feel the need for the rules. Innovation and creativity skills require time to thrive and flourish hence in these organizations, time is considered to be equivalent to money which suggests that the time cannot be wasted for engagements in innovation and creativity. Thus it may be noted that Iraqi Kurdistan may develop in terms of organizational development however there are no employee skills development and neither is there any high range of inventions within the country. Khodr and Zirar in this regard stated that the Iraqis relevantly use their own available resources to form their organizations and recruit their own native people in the positions irrespective of their skills and knowledge. This hinders t he growth process of the organizations in Kurdistan. However, Barwari argued that since hierarchical culture is present hence it becomes easier for the international organizations to trade with Iraq because they are assured of timely delivery of the product and services. The employees of Iraqi organizations with high uncertainty avoidance scores shows resistance to any kind of change management within the organizations and give high degree of importance to the job and financial security. The long-term orientation describes how every society has to deal with its past while dealing with the challenges of present and past. In case of Iraqi Kurdistan organizations and society the long-term orientation is low which suggests that the employees and the people of Kurdistan prefer to maintain past traditions, norms, and superstitions in order to sustain their organizational growth and culture. Thus, the organizations follow routine structures and high rules that will help them to act as per their religions and traditions without bringing in any change within the society and the culture of the people. However this is not a desirable condition for the growth of private sector organizations because, these situations will hinder any kind of innovation and will not give rise to any organizational development. Moreover, past traditions will not make the organizations competitive among the other international organizations. The organizations are thus not able to focus on long term s trategies rather their focus becomes short term (Umeda). Finally, the last phase of the Hofsteds model focuses on the level of indulgence. According to Wang and Liu socialization is the key to become successful human beings. Socialization with different people from different countries, cultures and languages will make the individuals in a society broad-minded and more knowledgeable. The level of indulgence defines the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses based on the way they are raised within the society. If the level of control is weak then the people of that society are termed to be indulgent and if the level of control is high then the people of that society is termed to be restraint. Iraqi Kurdistan organizations show low levels which denotes that the Iraqi society is one of the restraint society. Lahafian commented that employees of these kinds of organizations do not belief in formation of teams and groups. They prefer doing their work individually. The employees are also seen in restraining themselves fr om indulging in any socializing desires. They assume socializing to be a waste of time. In addition, Kummerow and Kirby previously stated that time is equivalent to money for the Kurdish people. Employees with these kinds of skills and actions generally restrict themselves in the fear that they may tend to break any traditions. Thus, there is a lack of teamwork, congenial working environment and peer reviews in the Kurdish organizations (Pechey and Halligan). Thus from the assessment of the present organizational culture of Kurdish organizations, it can be effectively stated that Iraqi organizations lack innovativeness and creativity within their work culture which is the major reason for their stagnant growth rate (Al-Bazzaz). 6. Conclusion The assessment of the organizational culture using two different models namely, the Hofsteds cultural dimensions and the Cultural framework shows that hierarchical organizational culture is present within the government organizations of Kurdistan. Further analysis of the nature of leadership and employee skills shows that Bureaucracy leadership style is still prevalent among the governmental organizations of Kurdistan. From this it may be concluded that with the passage of time if the management and the employees within the organizations do not change their way of work culture then they may lack behind in the competition. The employees may lack skills and with absence of proper duty, allocation will suffer from low productivity issues, which will in turn be negative for the organizational goal achievement. Moreover, the presence of high degree of masculinity and low degree of indulgence shows that the populations of Iraq are still following the past traditions. These are the major re asons for low level of education, high concentration of wealth and low degree of recognition. Although the country has overcome the situations of political war, however the country is still not very free from tyranny. Rather the management of different organizations should successfully adopt the adhocracy culture to make the organizations flourish. References A, Mustafa. Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd, 2013. Print. Al-Bazzaz, Pishtewan. 'Prospects Of Kidney Transplantation In Iraqi Kurdistan Region'. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 16.1 (2012): 1-3. Web. Barwari, Nesreen. 'Reestablishing Peace In Kurdistan Through Natural Resource Management'. Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management (AJEDM) 02.01 (2010): 69. Web. Bell, Elaine. Organisational Culture And Learning. SaarbruÃÅ'ˆcken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013. Print. Brewer, Paul, and Sunil Venaik. 'On The Misuse Of National Culture Dimensions'. 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